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Arles
City (pop., 1991: 53,000), SE France. Occupied and built up by the Romans in the 1st cent. BC, Arles became, through commerce, a leading city of the Roman empire. In the 10th cent. AD it became the capital of Burgundy, known also as the Kingdom of Arles. Portions of the Roman wall around the old town remain, and a Roman arena of the 1st cent. BC is still used for bullfights and plays. The city was home to V. van Gogh during one of his most productive periods. Arles is still a river port, but its economy is based largely on tourism and agriculture.


aulos
Single- or double-reed pipe usually played in pairs, particularly in ancient Greece. The classical pipes were of equal length, each with three or four fingerholes. The principal wind instrument of most ancient Middle Eastern peoples, it existed in Europe up to the early Middle Ages, often as a single pipe with more fingerholes. Its quavering sound, described by Plato, was classically associated with the rites of Dionysus.


blues
Secular musical form incorporating a repeating harmonic structure with melodic emphasis on the flatted or "blue" third and seventh notes of the scale. The specific origins of the blues are not known, but elements of the music of former slaves include the call-and-response pattern and syncopated rhythms of spirituals and work songs. The codification of the structure of the blues occurred in the early 20th cent., most commonly as a 12-bar phrase using the chords of the first, fourth, and fifth degrees of the major scale. Its origins as a primarily vocal form induced instrumental performers to imitate the human voice with "bent" notes. Lyric stanzas are usually in three lines, the words of the second generally repeating those of the first. The elaboration of the rural blues from Texas and the Mississippi delta established both lyric and instrumental traditions, often featuring speech-like inflection and guitar accompaniment. W. C. Handy's compositions brought blues elements to the popular music of the first decades of the century. The first blues recordings featured singers Ma Rainey and B. Smith in the early 1920s using jazz accompanists, performing a style which would become known as classic blues. The highly personal interpretations and improvisation of the blues, combined with elements of its structure and inflection, served as the foundation for jazz, rhythm and blues, and rock music.


mule
Offspring of a male ass and a female horse. The less common cross of a female ass and a male horse is called a hinny. Most mules are sterile. The mule resembles the horse in height and in shape of neck and croup (rump); it resembles the ass in its long ears, small hooves, and short mane. The coat is usually brown or bay. Mules are 12-17.5 hands (50-70 in., 120-180 cm) high and weigh 600-1,500 lbs (275-700 kg). They have been used as pack animals for at least 3,000 years because of their ability to ...

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