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Aden
Seaport city (pop., 1995: 562,000), S Yemen, on the Gulf of Aden. It was a principal terminus of the spice road of W Arabia for about 1,000 years before the 3rd cent. AD. It then became a trading center under Yemeni, Ethiopian, and Arab control. The Turks captured the city in 1538, and the British governed it as part of India 1839-1937. It grew in importance as a coaling station and transshipment point after the opening of the Suez Canal. It was separated from India and made a crown colony in 1937, incorporated in the Federation of South Arabia (1963-67), and served as the capital of S. Yemen until that republic's merger with N. Yemen in 1990.


agency
In law, a relationship in which one party (the agent) acts on behalf of and under the control of another (the principal) in dealing with third parties. It has its roots in ancient servant-master relations. Agency becomes a legal issue when the agent injures or wrongs a third party. In Anglo-Amer. law, principals are bound by and liable for the acts of such agents as stockbrokers, business agents, contractors, real-estate agents, lawyers, union representatives, managing partners, and private detectives. See also regulatory agency.


alenu
(Hebrew: "it is our duty") Opening words of a Jewish prayer recited at the end of the three periods of daily prayer since the Middle Ages. The first section is a prayer of thanks for Israel's being chosen for God's service; the second expresses hope for the coming messianic age. Though traditionally ascribed to Joshua, it is often credited to Abba Arika, a Jewish scholar in Babylonia in the 3rd cent. AD.


amen
Expression of agreement or confirmation used in worship by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The word derives from a Semitic root meaning "fixed" or "sure." The Greek Old Testament usually translates it as "so be it"; in the English Bible it is often translated as "verily" or "truly." By the 4th cent. BC, it was a common response to a doxology or other prayer in the Jewish temple liturgy. By the 2nd cent. AD, Christians had adopted it in the liturgy of the Eucharist, and in Christian worship a final amen now often sums up and confirms a prayer or hymn. Though less common in Islam, it is used after reading of the first sura.


Arendt
German-U.S. political theorist. She obtained her doctorate from the Univ. of Heidelberg. Forced to flee the Nazis in 1933, she became a social worker in Paris, then fled again, to New York, in 1941. After several jobs related to Jewish culture, she wrote her major work, Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), which related totalitarianism to 19th-cent. anti-Semitism, imperialism, and the disintegration of the traditional nation-state. She taught at the Univ. of Chicago (1963-67) and thereafter at the New School for Social Research. Her controversial Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963) suggested that A. Eichmann's role in the extermination of the Jews ...

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