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Boulle
French cabinetmaker. After studying drawing, painting, and sculpture, he achieved fame as the most skillful furniture designer in Paris. In 1672 Louis XIV appointed him royal cabinetmaker at Versailles; his other patrons included Philip V of Spain and the duke of Bourbon. He stretched the technique of marquetry to new heights, and his incorporation of elaborate brasswork and the inlaying of exotic woods (called boulle or buhl work, since his last name sometimes appeared as Buhl) was heavily imitated in the 18th-19th cent.


Adullam
Ancient village, Israel, 15 mi (24 km) southwest of Jerusalem. A cave in its vicinity was from early times a place of refuge; it is mentioned several times in the Bible, incl. as the place where David hid from Saul. In modern Israel the name Adullam is given to a development center west of Jerusalem.


Boulder
City (pop., 1996 est.: 91,000), N central Colorado. Located in the Rocky Mtns. northwest of Denver, it was settled by miners in 1858 and grew with the arrival of two railroads in 1873. An extensive government-industrial-educational complex has developed in recent decades. It is the site of the Univ. of Colorado.


boule
Deliberative council in the city-states of ancient Greece. It existed in almost all constitutional city-states, especially from the late 6th cent. BC. In Athens the boule was created as an aristocratic body by Solon in 594 BC; later, under Cleisthenes, 500 members were elected to represent the 10 tribes (50 each). A certain number, in rough proportion to size, were allotted to each deme. Complementing the work of the ecclesia and areopagus, the boule controlled finances, managed the fleet and cavalry, evaluated officials, received foreign ambassadors, and advised the strategus. The boule model largely influenced the organization of councils of other cities in the Hellenic period.


boules
French ball game, similar to bowls and boccie. Players take turns throwing or rolling a steel ball as close as possible to a small target ball; an opponent's ball may be knocked away if necessary. The playing field is called a pitch.


Boulez
French composer and conductor. Originally a student of mathematics, he later studied with O. Messiaen at the Paris Conservatoire. He was music director of the Renaud-Barrault theater company 1946-56. Inspired by the works of A. Webern, he began to experiment with total serialism in 1951. He founded the new-music group Domaine Musical in 1954 and directed it until 1967. He was conductor of the New York Philharmonic 1971-78. He conducted R. Wagner's Ring at Bayreuth in 1976 and the premiere of the completed version of A. Berg's Lulu in 1979. In 1974 he founded the French national experimental studio IRCAM. His important works include Le soleil des eaux (1948), Structures I and II (1952, 1961), Le marteau sans maî tre (1957), Pli selon pli (1962), and three piano ...

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