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Ananda
First cousin and disciple of the Buddha. A monk who served as the Buddha's personal attendant, he became known as the "beloved disciple." It was Ananda who persuaded the Buddha to allow women to become nuns. By tradition, he was the only intimate disciple of the Buddha who had not attained enlightenment before his master's death; he attained that state just before the first Buddhist Council (c.544 or 480 BC), when he recited from memory the Sutta Pitaka. He is represented as the author of several Buddhist discourses.


Adana
City (pop., 1995: 1,066,000), S central Turkey, on the Seyhan River. An agricultural and industrial center and one of Turkey's largest cities, it probably overlies a Hittite settlement that dates from c.1400 BC. Conquered by Alexander the Great in 335-334 BC, it was later a Roman military station. It came under the rule of the Abbasid Arabs at the end of the 7th cent. AD and changed hands intermittently until the establishment of the Turkmen dynasty in 1378. Adana's prosperity has long derived from the fertile valleys behind it and its position as a bridgehead on the Anatolian-Arabian trade routes.


Agana
Town (pop., 1990: 1,100), capital of Guam. It lies on Guam's W coast on Agana Bay. A town of 10,000 in 1940, it was completely destroyed in World War II and has come back slowly. Nearby Latte Stone Park features pillars (latte stones) that supported houses of the prehistoric Latte culture.


Akan
Cluster of peoples inhabiting S Ghana, E Ivory Coast, and parts of Togo. Their languages are of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family. In the 14th-18th cent. several Akan states, notably the Fante confederacy and the Ashanti empire, formed in regions where gold was produced and traded. Today many of the Akan, who number about 5 million, work in urban districts.


Anath
Chief W. Semitic goddess of love and war, sister and helpmate to the Baal, whom she retrieved from the land of the dead. One of the best known of Canaanite deities, she was famous for her youthful vigor and ferocity in battle. In Egypt she was depicted nude holding flowers and standing on a lion. During the Hellenistic Age, Anath and Astarte were merged into Atargatis.


Anna
Empress of Russia (1730-40). After the death of Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council, Russia's actual ruling body, offered Anna the throne (as the daughter of Ivan V) if she agreed to conditions placing the real power in the council's hands. She initially agreed but later tore up the conditions, abolished the council, and reestablished the autocracy, countenancing a severely repressive regime. She occupied herself primarily with extravagant amusements and relied on her lover, Ernst Johann Biron (1690-1772), and a group of German advisers to manage the state. Shortly before her death, Anna named as her successor her grand-nephew Ivan (later Ivan VI).


Annaba
Seaport ...

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