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Bessel
German astronomer. He was the first to measure (by means of parallax) the distance to a star other than the sun. One of his major discoveries was that the bright stars Sirius and Procyon make tiny motions explainable only by the existence of invisible companions disturbing their motions. His observation of tiny irregularities in the orbit of Uranus, which he concluded were caused by an unknown planet beyond, led to the discovery of Neptune. His mathematical functions for studying planetary motions became widely used in solving a wide range of differential equations.
Essen
City (pop., 1996 est.: 615,000), N. Rhine-Westphalia state, W Germany. Located on the Ruhr River; it is the site of the most extensive iron- and steelworks in Europe. It was originally the seat of a convent (founded 852), whose 15th cent. cathedral still stands. It became a city in the 10th cent. and was locally sovereign until 1802, when Essen passed to Prussia. The development of ironworks, steelworks, and coal mines stimulated growth in the 19th cent. The city was largely destroyed in World War II, targeted as a center of the German war industry. It has since been rebuilt with large, modern buildings, incl. concert halls, an economic research institute, and an art institute.
Essex
County (pop. 1995 est.: 1,578,000), E England. It extends along the North Sea coastline between the Thames River and Stour River estuaries; the county seat is Chelmsford. The ancient county stretched west as far as Middlesex, but Greater London now incorporates its SW corner. It was a Roman center until the 5th-cent. Saxon invasions, and an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the Heptarchy with its center at London. It came under Danish control in the 9th cent. and was later reconquered by Wessex. The modern county now takes much of London's overflow. Though much of the country is still farmed, it is the site of petroleum installations on the Thames River and of a nuclear power plant.
Estes
U.S. psychologist. Born in In the 1940s he worked with B. F. Skinner on instrumental learning, and in 1950 he introduced stimulus sampling theory (SST), a model for describing learning mathematically. His later work has focused on "cognitive architectures." His works include Learning Theory and Mental Development (1970), Statistical Models in Behavioral Research (1991), and Classification and Cognition (1994). He has taught at Stanford, Rockefeller, and Harvard universities. In 1997 he received the National Medal of Science.
Hesse
U.S. (German-born) sculptor. She arrived in New York with her family in 1939, fleeing the Nazi regime. She attended Pratt Institute, Cooper Union, and Yale Univ. In 1964 she married and moved briefly to Germany and began making sculpture, developing a style featuring sensuous shapes and unconventional materials (incl. rubber tubing, synthetic resins, cord, cloth, and wire). In the 1960s she ...
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