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Bessel
German astronomer. He was the first to measure (by means of parallax) the distance to a star other than the sun. One of his major discoveries was that the bright stars Sirius and Procyon make tiny motions explainable only by the existence of invisible companions disturbing their motions. His observation of tiny irregularities in the orbit of Uranus, which he concluded were caused by an unknown planet beyond, led to the discovery of Neptune. His mathematical functions for studying planetary motions became widely used in solving a wide range of differential equations.
Essen
City (pop., 1996 est.: 615,000), N. Rhine-Westphalia state, W Germany. Located on the Ruhr River; it is the site of the most extensive iron- and steelworks in Europe. It was originally the seat of a convent (founded 852), whose 15th cent. cathedral still stands. It became a city in the 10th cent. and was locally sovereign until 1802, when Essen passed to Prussia. The development of ironworks, steelworks, and coal mines stimulated growth in the 19th cent. The city was largely destroyed in World War II, targeted as a center of the German war industry. It has since been rebuilt with large, modern buildings, incl. concert halls, an economic research institute, and an art institute.
Essex
County (pop. 1995 est.: 1,578,000), E England. It extends along the North Sea coastline between the Thames River and Stour River estuaries; the county seat is Chelmsford. The ancient county stretched west as far as Middlesex, but Greater London now incorporates its SW corner. It was a Roman center until the 5th-cent. Saxon invasions, and an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the Heptarchy with its center at London. It came under Danish control in the 9th cent. and was later reconquered by Wessex. The modern county now takes much of London's overflow. Though much of the country is still farmed, it is the site of petroleum installations on the Thames River and of a nuclear power plant.
Hesse
U.S. (German-born) sculptor. She arrived in New York with her family in 1939, fleeing the Nazi regime. She attended Pratt Institute, Cooper Union, and Yale Univ. In 1964 she married and moved briefly to Germany and began making sculpture, developing a style featuring sensuous shapes and unconventional materials (incl. rubber tubing, synthetic resins, cord, cloth, and wire). In the 1960s she exhibited throughout the U.S. and achieved some critical acclaim. In 1969 she underwent the first of three unsuccessful operations for a brain tumor. Her influence since her death has been widespread.
State (pop., 1996 est.: 6,010,000), W central Germany. Occupying an area of 8,152 sq mi (21,114 sq km), it was formed in 1945 through the amalgamation of former Prussian provincial units. Its capital is Wiesbaden. The Hessians are thought to be descended from the Frankish tribe of the Chatti, who were Christianized by St. Boniface in the early 8th cent. AD. ...
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