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Yemen
Country, SW Arabian Peninsula. It also includes Socotra Island in the Indian Ocean and the Kamaran group in the Red Sea. Area: 203,849 sq mi (527,969 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 16,500,000. Capital: Sanaa. The population is mainly Arab. Language: Arabic (official). Religions: Islam (official); remnants, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism. Currency: Yemeni rial. From the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, a narrow coastal plain leads to highlands that cover most of the country. The N region covers the S and SW parts of the Rub al-Khali. Mineral resources include iron ore, salt, oil, and natural gas, all of which are exploited. Agriculture is important; industries include food processing and salt production. It is a republic with one legislative house; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Yemen was the home of ancient Minaean, Sabaean, and Himyarite kingdoms. The Romans invaded the region in the 1st cent. AD. In the 6th cent. it was conquered by Ethiopians and Persians. Following conversion to Islam in the 7th cent., it was ruled nominally under a caliphate. The Egyptian Ayyubid dynasty ruled there from 1173 to 1229, after which the region passed to the Rasulids. From 1517 through 1918, the Ottoman Turks maintained varying degrees of control, especially in the NW section. A boundary agreement was reached in 1934 between the NW imam-controlled territory, which subsequently became the Yemen Arab Republic (N. Yemen), and the SE British-controlled territory, which subsequently became the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (S. Yemen). Relations between the two Yemens remained tense and were marked by conflict throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Reaching an accord, the two officially united as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. Its 1993 elections were the first free, multiparty general elections held in the Arabian Peninsula, and they were the first in which women participated. In 1994, after a two-month civil war, a new constitution was approved.


descent
System of acknowledged social parentage whereby a person may claim kinship ties with another. Descent systems vary widely. The practical importance of descent comes from its use as a means for individuals to assert rights, duties, privileges, or status. Descent has special influence when rights to succession, inheritance, or residence follow kinship lines. One method of limiting the recognition of kinship is to emphasize the relationship through one parent only. Such unilineal kinship systems are of two main types--patrilineal systems, in which the relationships through the father are emphasized; and matrilineal systems, in which maternal relationships are stressed. These systems differ radically from cognatic systems, in which everyone has similar obligations to, and expectations from, both paternal and maternal kin. The cognatic system is somewhat vague and tends to characterize the more industrialized countries, in ...

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