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cerium
Chemical element, a rare earth metal of the lanthanide series (hence having many properties of the transition elements), chemical symbol Ce, atomic number 58. It is iron-gray and fairly soft and ductile. Found in many ores, it is about as abundant as copper and three times as abundant as lead. The metal is used in alloys and other metallurgical applications and (because it oxidizes strongly and rapidly) in illumination, ignition and signaling devices, and propellants. Misch metal, used in lighter flints, is 50% cerium. Cerium compounds (in which it has valence 3 or 4) are used in the mantles of lanterns, in the ceramic, photographic, and textile industries, and in analytical chemistry.
Mercury
Innermost planet of the solar system. Its average distance from the sun is about 36 million mi (58 million km), but its highly elliptical orbit carries it 7.5 million mi (12 million km) nearer to and farther from the sun. It is the second-smallest major planet (after Pluto), having a diameter of about 3,050 mi (4,870 km) and a mass about one-eighteenth of earth's. With the shortest period of revolution (only 88 earth days) and the highest average orbital speed (30 mi/second, or 48 km/second) of any planet, it is aptly named after the fleet-footed Roman messenger god. It rotates very slowly, making one complete rotation relative to the stars every 59 earth days, while its solar day (from one sunrise to the next) is 176 earth days, owing to its revolution around the sun. Its surface is heavily cratered. Its most impressive feature is perhaps the 800-mi (1,300-km) Caloris Basin, formed by a huge meteorite impact. Mercury also has steep cliffs that extend for hundreds of miles. The discovery of a magnetic field in its vicinity suggests it has a large iron core, which would account for a mean density almost as high as earth's. Its atmosphere is negligible; its surface gravity, about one-third that of earth's, holds little more than a thin layer of gases. Temperatures at its surface change dramatically, ranging from a high of about 756° F (402° C) on the side facing the sun to a low of about -279° F (-173° C) at the end of its night.
First series of U.S. manned spaceflights (1961-63), which began about three weeks after Y. Gagarin became the first human in space. In May 1961, A. Shepard rode the first Mercury space capsule, Freedom 7, on a 15-minute, 302-mi (486-km) flight, attaining a maximum altitude of 116 mi (186 km). The first U.S. manned flight in orbit was that of Friendship 7, commanded by J. Glenn, in February 1962; it completed three orbits. The last Mercury flight, Faith 7, launched in May 1963, was the longest, making 22 orbits in about 34 hours.
mercury
Metallic chemical element, chemical symbol Hg, atomic number 80. Mercury is the only elemental metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures, with a freezing point of -38° F (-39° C) and a boiling point of 674° F (356.9° C). ...
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