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Bentham
British social and political theorist. Precociously brilliant, he graduated from Oxford at 15. He was an atheist and an exponent of the new laissez-faire economics of A. Smith and D. Ricardo. The first great exponent of utilitarianism, he wrote that government should promote "the greatest happiness." He inspired much reform legislation, especially prison reform, and was a vocal advocate of democracy, though he attacked notions of the social contract and natural law as superfluous. Believing society could advance by calculation of pleasure and pain, he tried to compare the relative gratifications of health, wealth, power, friendship, and benevolence, as well as those of "irascible appetite" and "antipathy." He thought of punishment purely as a deterrent, and graded offenses solely by the harm they did to happiness. He helped found the radical Westminster Review (1823). He willed that his clothed skeleton be exhibited permanently at University College London.
benzene
Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon (see aromatic compound), parent substance of a large class of chemical compounds. It was discovered in 1825 by M. Faraday. The chemical formula is C6H6; A. Kekulé in 1865 was the first to propose the correct structure, a six-membered ring of carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom bonded to it (see bonding). Although benzene is often represented with alternating single and double bonds between carbon atoms, the electrons in the bonds are shared or delocalized in such a way as to make all carbon atoms alike. Benzene is a colorless, mobile liquid with a characteristic odor. An excellent solvent, it is also widely used as a starting material for many plastics, dyes, detergents, insecticides, and other industrial chemicals. Benzene is highly toxic, and long exposure may cause leukemia.
centaur
In Greek mythology, one of a race of creatures, part horse and part man, living in the mountains of Thessaly and Arcadia. They were best known for their battle with the Lapiths, occasioned by their attempt to carry off the bride of a Lapith prince. Centaurs were often depicted drawing Dionysus' chariot or ridden by Eros, in reference to their drunken and amorous habits. Their king Chiron, however, was notable for being civilized, gentle, and the tutor of heroes.
CENTO
A mutual-security organization, originally composed of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Britain, it was formed, at the urging of the U.S. and Britain, to counter the threat of Soviet expansion into Middle East oil fields. Its internal cohesion was never strong. Iraq withdrew after its anti-Soviet monarchy was overthrown in 1959. That same year the U.S. became an associate member, and its headquarters were moved to Ankara, Turkey. After the fall of M. R. Shah Pahlavi in 1979, Iran withdrew and CENTO was dissolved.
Denver
City (pop., 1996 est.: 498,000), capital of Colorado. On the S. Platte River just ...
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