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Yemen
Country, SW Arabian Peninsula. It also includes Socotra Island in the Indian Ocean and the Kamaran group in the Red Sea. Area: 203,849 sq mi (527,969 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 16,500,000. Capital: Sanaa. The population is mainly Arab. Language: Arabic (official). Religions: Islam (official); remnants, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism. Currency: Yemeni rial. From the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, a narrow coastal plain leads to highlands that cover most of the country. The N region covers the S and SW parts of the Rub al-Khali. Mineral resources include iron ore, salt, oil, and natural gas, all of which are exploited. Agriculture is important; industries include food processing and salt production. It is a republic with one legislative house; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Yemen was the home of ancient Minaean, Sabaean, and Himyarite kingdoms. The Romans invaded the region in the 1st cent. AD. In the 6th cent. it was conquered by Ethiopians and Persians. Following conversion to Islam in the 7th cent., it was ruled nominally under a caliphate. The Egyptian Ayyubid dynasty ruled there from 1173 to 1229, after which the region passed to the Rasulids. From 1517 through 1918, the Ottoman Turks maintained varying degrees of control, especially in the NW section. A boundary agreement was reached in 1934 between the NW imam-controlled territory, which subsequently became the Yemen Arab Republic (N. Yemen), and the SE British-controlled territory, which subsequently became the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (S. Yemen). Relations between the two Yemens remained tense and were marked by conflict throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Reaching an accord, the two officially united as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. Its 1993 elections were the first free, multiparty general elections held in the Arabian Peninsula, and they were the first in which women participated. In 1994, after a two-month civil war, a new constitution was approved.


Yesenin
Russian poet. From a peasant family, he celebrated traditional "wooden Russia" over modern, industrialized society in works beginning with Radunitsa (1916), and he believed the Revolution of 1917 would lead to the peasant millennium he envisioned. Taking up the life of a rowdy and blasphemous exhibitionist, he wrote cynical, swaggering tavern verse such as Confessions of a Hooligan (1921). In 1922 he married I. Duncan, though neither could speak the other's language. His efforts to adjust to the revolutionary era were unsuccessful, and he hanged himself at 30. Though frowned on by the authorities, he was very popular in Russia both during his life and afterward.


Yudenich
Russian commander of anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War. A career army officer, he commanded in the Russo-Japanese War and was promoted to general in 1905. In World War I he led Russian troops in the Caucasus (1914-15, ...

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