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Berlin
City and state (pop., 1995: 3,470,000), capital of reunified Germany. Founded in the early 13th cent., it was a member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th cent. It became the residence of the Hohenzollerns and the capital of Brandenburg. It was successively the capital of Prussia (from 1701), of the German empire (1871-1918), of the Weimar Republic (1919-32), and of the Third Reich (1933-45). In World War II much of the city was destroyed by Allied bombing. In 1945 it was divided into four occupation zones: Amer., British, French, and Soviet. The three Western powers integrated their sectors into one economic entity in 1948; the Soviets responded with the Berlin blockade. When independent governments were established in E and W Germany in 1949, E. Berlin was made the capital of E. Germany, and W. Berlin, though surrounded by E. Germany, became part of W. Germany. Continuing immigration from E. to W. Berlin through the 1950s prompted the 1961 erection of the Berlin Wall. The area immediately became the most vivid focal point of the Cold War. The dramatic dismantling of the wall in 1989 marked the international upheaval that accompanied the end of the Soviet Union. Berlin became reunified as Germany's official capital in 1991; the transfer of government from Bonn was completed in 1999. It is the site of the Univ. of Berlin, Charlottenburg Palace, the Brandenburg Gate, and the Berlin Zoo, and is home to the Berlin Opera and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.


ceiling
Overhead surface of a room, and the underside of a floor or roof. Suspended ceilings, which hang from the beams above, are used to conceal construction, mechanical equipment, wiring, and light fixtures. During the Renaissance, ceilings were often coffered (see coffer), vaulted (see vault), or transformed into one large framed painting.


Cellini
Italian sculptor and goldsmith active principally in Florence. Early in his career he worked in Rome, producing coins, medallions, seals, vessels, and a variety of other objects in precious and semiprecious metals. In 1540 he began his most famous work of this type, a gold saltcellar encrusted with enamel, for Francis I at Fontainebleau. Other royal commissions followed. For Cosimo I de' Medici he produced large-scale sculpture in the round; the bronze Perseus (1545-53) in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence is his masterpiece. His fame owes as much to his autobiography as to his work as an artist; it achieved immediate popularity for its lively account of his tumultuous life and its vivid picture of Renaissance Italy.


Geulincx
Flemish metaphysician and logician. He taught at the Univ. of Louvain from 1646, but was dismissed in 1658, probably because of his sympathy with Jansenism. Taking refuge at Leiden, Holland, he became a Calvinist. He lived in poverty until 1662, when he obtained a position at the Univ. of Leiden. He was a major exponent of the doctrine known as ...

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