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Maritain
French philosopher. A devout Roman Catholic, his thought was based on Aristotelianism and Thomism, but incorporated features from other classical and modern philosophers and drew on anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Referring to Thomism as existentialist intellectualism, he emphasized the importance of the individual as well as the Christian community. Among his major works are Art and Scholasticism (1920), The Degrees of Knowledge (1932), Art and Poetry (1935), Man and the State (1951), and Moral Philosophy (1960).


Pareto
Italian economist and sociologist. Educated at the Univ. of Turin, he worked as an engineer and later served as a director of a large Italian railway. He taught at the Univ. of Lausanne from 1893. His law of income distribution used a complex mathematical formula to trace historical patterns in the distribution of wealth. In 1906 he laid the foundation of modern welfare economics with his concept of the Pareto optimum, which stated that a society's resources are not optimally allocated as long as it is possible to make at least one person better off while keeping others as well off as before.


Yalta
City (pop., 1991 est.: 89,000), S Crimea, Ukraine. It faces the Black Sea on the S shore of the Crimean Peninsula. Settlement on the site dates from prehistoric times, but modern Yalta developed only in the early 19th cent., becoming a town in 1838. Its mild winters and scenic location between sea and mountains have made it one of the most popular vacation and health resorts of Ukraine. In 1945 during World War II it was the site of the Allied leaders' Yalta Conference.


Yerevan
City (pop., 1995 est.: 1,249,000), capital of Armenia. Fortified since the 8th cent. BC, and part of Armenia since the 6th cent. BC, it developed as an important center of the caravan trade. Over the centuries, it was ruled by many, incl. the Romans, Arabs, Turks, and Russians, falling to the last in 1827. In 1920 it became the capital of independent Armenia, and remained so during Soviet rule and renewed independence. Its industries include producing chemicals, aluminum, cars, and electrical machinery.

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