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APL
Computer programming language based on (and named with the initials of) the book A Programming Language, by Kenneth E. Iverson of IBM (1962). It has been adapted for use in many different computers and fields because of its concise syntax. Statements are expressed with simple notations that have powerful built-in operational functions such as looping, sorting, and selection. Once a popular language, it is not used often today for new programs.
Laplace
French mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He is best known for his investigations into the stability of the solar system and the theory of magnetic, electrical, and heat wave propagation. In his major lifework he applied Newtonian gravitational theory to the solar system to explain deviations of the planets from the orbits predicted by the theory (1773). Newton believed that only divine intervention could explain the solar system's equilibrium, but Laplace established a mathematical basis for it, the most important advance in physical astronomy since Newton. He continued to work on elucidating planetary perturbations through the 1780s. A work published in 1796 included his nebular hypothesis, which attributed the origin of the solar system to the cooling and contracting of a gaseous nebula, a theory that strongly influenced future thought on planetary origins. See also Laplace transform, Laplace's equation.
Lapland
Region (pop., 1992 est.: 113,000), N Europe. Located within the Arctic Circle, it stretches across N Norway, Sweden, and Finland, and into Russia's Kola Peninsula. Occupying an area of 150,000 sq mi (389,000 sq km), it is bounded by the Norwegian Sea, the Barents Sea, and the White Sea. Since it straddles several national borders, it does not exist as any unified administrative entity. It is named for the Sami (Lapp) people, who have inhabited the region for several thousand years. Those who still practice reindeer herding have liberty of movement across national boundaries. Industries include mining and fishing.
Naples
City (metro. area pop., 1996 est.: 1,050,000) and capital, Campania, S Italy. Located on the N side of the Bay of Naples, southeast of Rome, it was founded c.600 BC by refugees from an ancient Greek colony; it was conquered by the Romans in the 4th cent. BC. Part of the realms of the Byzantines and then the Saracens, in the 11th cent. it was conquered by the Norman ruler of Sicily and through the 19th cent. it was the capital of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the kingdom of Naples. It was entered by G. Garibaldi's expedition in 1860. Heavily damaged in World War II by Allied and German bombing, it was later rebuilt, but suffered severe earthquake damage in 1980. It is a commercial and cultural center and a major port with diversified industries, incl. shipbuilding and textiles. Among the city's attractions are medieval castles, churches, and a ...
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