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buffer
Solution usually containing a weak acid and its conjugate weak base, or a salt, of such a composition that the pH is held constant within a certain range. An example is a solution containing acetic acid (CH3COOH) and the acetate ion (CH3COO-). The pH depends on their relative concentration and can be found with a simple formula involving their ratio. Relatively small additions of acid or base will change the concentration of the two species, but their ratio, and hence the pH, will not change much. Different buffers are useful in different pH ranges; they include phosphoric acid, citric acid, and boric acid, each with their salts. Biological fluids such as blood, tears, and semen have natural buffers to maintain them at the pH required for their proper function. See also law of mass action.
Buffon
French naturalist. He studied mathematics, medicine, and botany until a duel forced him to cut short his studies. He settled on his family's estate, where he researched the calculus of probability, the physical sciences, and forest management. Appointed keeper of the royal botanical garden (Jardin du Roi) in 1739, he was also assigned the cataloging of the royal natural-history collections, an undertaking that grew into his comprehensive work Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere (1749-1804), an attempt to account for all known flora and fauna, of which he published 36 of the proposed 50 volumes before his death. He was ennobled in 1773.
coffee
Tropical evergreen shrub of the genus Coffea, in the madder family, or its seeds, called beans; also, the beverage made by brewing the roasted and ground beans with water. Two of the 25 or more species, C. arabica and C. canephora, supply almost all of the world's coffee. Arabica coffee is considered to brew a more flavorful and aromatic beverage than Robusta, the main variety of C. canephora. Arabicas are grown in Central and S. America, the Caribbean, and Indonesia; Robustas mainly in Africa. The shrub bears bouquets of small white flowers with a jasmine-like fragrance. The fruit, 0.5-0.75 in. (15-18 mm) long and red when mature, is called a cherry. Coffee contains large amounts of caffeine, whose effects have always been an important element in the drink's popularity. The drinking of coffee dates from the 15th cent. in Arabia. It reached Europe by the mid-17th cent. and immediately became hugely popular. Coffee is now consumed by about one-third of the world's population.
coffer
In architecture, a square or polygonal ornamental sunken panel used in a series as decoration for a ceiling or vault. Coffers were probably originally formed by wooden beams crossing one another to produce a grid. The earliest surviving examples were made of stone by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Coffering was revived in the Renaissance and was common in baroque and Neoclassical architecture.
Darfur
Historical region and former ...
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