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Yichang
City (pop., 1990: 372,000), W Hubei province, E central China. An ancient city, it is located at the head of navigation on the Chang River, below the entrance to the gorges of the Daba Mtns. As the gateway to the rich province of Sichuan, it was often disputed during times of Chinese political turmoil. It was made a treaty port for foreign trade in 1877; a Western quarter grew beside it, and many Western commercial firms established branches there. It was occupied by the Japanese and badly damaged during World War II, but the city and its shipyards have been rebuilt. It is now an industrial center and a distribution point for the region's manufactured goods.
Bashan
Ancient country, E Palestine. Frequently cited in the Old Testament and later important in the Roman empire, it was located in what is now Syria. In New Testament times, Bashan ranked as one of the great granaries of the Roman empire. One of its towns, Bozrah (Roman Bostra), was important to both Nabataea and Rome. Augustus made Herod the Great ruler of Bashan, and in AD 106 Trajan brought the whole Nabataean kingdom under the empire in creating the province of Arabia, with Bostra as its capital. The country went into decline in the 7th cent. as Muslims took over the area.
Buchanan
Scottish humanist, scholar, and educator. As a teacher of Latin in Paris, Buchanan wrote bitter attacks on the Franciscans that landed him in jail for heresy. He escaped and became a teacher in Bordeaux, where M. de Montaigne was one of his pupils. There he translated two of Euripides' plays into Latin and wrote original dramas. His paraphrase of the Psalms was long used for Latin instruction. At first a supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots, he later helped prepare the case that led to her execution. In De jure regni apud Scotos (1579), he argued for limited monarchy; Rerum Scotiacarum historia (1582) traces Scotland's history.
15th president of the U.S. (1857-61). Born in Mercersburg, Pa., he became a lawyer and member of the Pennsylvania legislature before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1821-31), as minister to Russia (1832-34), and in the U.S. Senate (1834-45). He was secretary of state in Pres. J. K. Polk's cabinet (1845-49). As minister to Britain (1853-56), he helped draft the Ostend Manifesto. In 1856 he secured the Democratic nomination and election as U.S. president, defeating J. C. Fr\u00e9 mont. Though experienced in government and law, he lacked the moral courage to deal effectively with the slavery crisis and equivocated on the question of Kansas's status as a slaveholding state. The ensuing split within his party allowed A. Lincoln to win the election of 1860. He denounced the secession of S. Carolina following the election and sent reinforcements to Ft. Sumter, but failed to respond further to the mounting crisis.
Dachau
First Nazi concentration camp in Germany, established in 1933. It became the ...
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