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Babur
Emperor (1526-30) and founder of the Mughal dynasty of India. A descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, he came from a tribe of Mongol origin but was Turkish in language and upbringing. In his youth he tried for 10 years (1494-1504) to gain control of Samarkand, Timur's old capital. Those efforts ended in his losing his own principality in Fergana, but he consoled himself by seizing and holding Kabul (1504). After four failed attempts, he successfully occupied Delhi (1525). Surrounded by enemy states, Babur (the name is Arabic for "Tiger") persuaded his homesick troops to stand their ground, and over the next four years he defeated his foes. His grandson Akbar consolidated the new empire. Babur was also a gifted poet and a lover of nature who constructed gardens wherever he went. His prose memoirs, the Babur-nameh, have become a world classic of autobiography.
Kabul
City (pop. 1994 est.: 700,000), capital of Afghanistan. Located on the Kabul River in a valley strategically located between mountain passes, it has existed for 3,500 years. It became the capital of the Mughal empire in the 16th cent., and it remained under Mughal rule until 1738, when Iran gained control. Kabul has been the capital of Afghanistan since 1776. The Soviet Union invaded the country in 1979 and established a military command in Kabul. After the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, factional fighting among Afghan guerrillas continued intermittently and the city suffered widespread destruction. In 1996 the Taliban captured Kabul and imposed Islamic fundamentalist rule.
Nabu
Major god in the Assyrian-Babylonian pantheon, the son of Marduk. He was patron of the art of writing and a god of vegetation. As the recorder of the fates assigned to humans by the gods, Nabu's symbols were the clay tablet and the stylus. His holy city was Borsippa. Goddesses associated with Nabu were Nana, a Sumerian deity; the Assyrian Nissaba; and the Akkadian Tashmetum.
Yakut
Siberian people who speak a Turkic language. Most were formerly seminomadic, raising cattle and horses. They lived in winter settlements of earth-covered log huts and summer camps of conical birch-bark tents near pasturage and sources of hay for winter fodder. Through assimilation, many S Yakut turned to farming while N Yakut adopted reindeer breeding from the Evenki. The Yakut were noted for their ironwork (supernatural power was attributed to blacksmiths) and also made pottery; traditional arts such as ivory and wood carving are still practiced. Filmmaking has become popular more recently. The Yakut number about 380,000. See also Siberian peoples.
Yaqui
Amer. Indian people centered in S Sonora on the W coast of Mexico. They were settled agriculturalists who offered stubborn resistance to the first Spanish invaders and only gradually came under mission influence. In the 19th cent. they fought against Mexican encroachment on their fertile ...
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