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arcade
Series of arches, supported by columns or piers, joined together end to end in a row. When supporting a roof, an arcade may function as a passageway adjacent to a solid wall, a covered walkway that provides access to adjacent shops, or a transitional element surrounding an open internal court. See also colonnade.
Arcand
Canadian film director. Born in Deschambault, Quebec, he joined the National Film Board of Canada in 1963 and directed several short films. His first full-length documentary, On est au coton (1970, released 1976), was a controversial exposé of the textile industry. He moved on to feature films with his witty Decline of the American Empire (1986) and his burlesque of modern life Jesus of Montreal (1989). Later films include Love and Human Remains (1993) and Poverty and Other Delights (1996).
arch
Curved structure that spans the opening between two piers or columns and supports loads from above. The masonry arch provides the stepping stone from the post-and-beam system to the evolution of the vault, and was first widely used by the Romans. Its construction depends on a series of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) set side by side in a semicircular curve or along two intersecting arcs (as in a pointed arch). The central voussoir is called the keystone, and the two points where the arch rests on its supports are known as the spring points. An arch can carry a much greater load than a horizontal beam of the same size and material, because downward pressure forces the voussoirs together instead of apart. The resulting outward thrust must be resisted by the arch's supports. Present-day lightweight monolithic (one-piece) arches of steel, concrete, or laminated wood are highly rigid, and thereby minimize horizontal thrust.
archon
In ancient Greece, the chief magistrate or magistrates in a city-state, from the Archaic period onward. In Athens, nine archons divided state duties: the archon eponymous headed the boule and ecclesia, the polemarch commanded troops and presided over legal cases involving foreigners, the archon basileus headed state religion and the areopagus, and the six others handled various judicial matters. At first only elected aristocrats could serve, and their term was for life; later, terms were limited to a year. Archons were chosen by a combination of election and lot. In the 5th cent. BC, the archons' authority declined as elected generals took most of their powers.
In Gnosticism, any of various world-governing powers created with the material world by the Demiurge. Because the Gnostics regarded the material world as evil or as the product of error, Archons were considered forces of evil. Seven or 12 in number, they were identified with the seven planets of antiquity or the 12 signs of the zodiac. They were thought to have imprisoned the divine spark of human souls in material creation. The gnosis sent from the realms of divine light ...
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