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Cixi
Imperial consort who controlled the Chinese Qing dynasty for almost half a century. A low-ranking concubine of the Xianfeng emperor (r.1850-61), Cixi bore his only son, the future Tongzhi emperor, in 1856. After the emperor's death, Cixi joined a triumviral regency that governed in the name of her son, who was only 6 at his accession. During this period the Taiping and Nian Rebellions were put down and the government was briefly revitalized. When Cixi's son died in 1875, Cixi violated the laws of succession and had her adoptive nephew enthroned. The regency thus continued, with Cixi becoming sole regent in 1884. In 1889 she nominally relinquished control, but returned in 1898 to undo a set of radical reforms and had her nephew imprisoned in his palace. She supported the unsuccessful Boxer Rebellion, with bad consequences for China. In 1902 she began to implement the reforms she had earlier reversed. Before she died, she ordered her nephew poisoned. See also Zeng Guofan, Zhang Zhidong.
Six
(French: "The Six") Group of young French composers in the 1920s. Named by the critic Henri Collet (1885-1951), the composers were A. Honegger, D. Milhaud, F. Poulenc, Georges Auric (1899-1983), Louis Durey (1888-1979), and Germaine Tailleferre (1892-1983). Most of the group's members were attracted by the iconoclastic music of E. Satie, and they benefited from the promotion of J. Cocteau. As Les Six, they collaborated on a piano album and music for Cocteau's Les marié s de la tour Eiffel, then went their separate ways.
xiao
In Confucianism, the attitude of obedience, devotion, and care toward one's parents and other elders considered fundamental to moral conduct. Originally rooted in the hierarchical ideology of Chinese feudalism, it was raised to a moral precept by Confucius, who cited it as the basis of ren. It is seen as the basis not only of family harmony but of social and political stability.
Aiken
U.S. writer. Born in Savannah, Ga., he was traumatized as a child when his father killed his mother and then himself. Educated at Harvard Univ. he wrote most of his fiction in the 1920s and '30s. His works are influenced by early psychoanalytic theory. Generally more successful than his novels were his short stories, notably "Strange Moonlight" from Bring! Bring! (1925) and "Silent Snow, Secret Snow" and "Mr. Arcularis" from Among the Lost People (1934). His best poetry, incl. "Preludes to Definition," is in his Collected Poems (1953).
Ailey
U.S. dancer and choreographer. Born in Rogers, Texas, he moved to Los Angeles in 1942, where he studied dance and choreography (1949-54). He then moved to New York, where he performed in various theatrical productions. In 1958 he founded the Alvin Ailey Amer. Dance Theater, composed primarily of blacks. The numerous works he choreographed for the company included its signature Revelations (1960), set to black spirituals. ...
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