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Armenia
Nation, SW Asia. Area: 11,500 sq mi (29,800 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 3,773,000 (de jure); about 3,000,000 (de facto). Capital: Yerevan. Armenians constitute nine-tenths of its population; there are also small numbers of Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Russians, and Ukrainians. Languages: Armenian (official), Russian. Religion: Christianity (Armenian Apostolic, Armenian Catholic). Currency: dram. Armenia is a mountainous country with an average elevation of 5,900 ft (1,800 m). The Lesser Caucasus ranges lie across its N portion, and Lake Sevan lies in the E central part. Armenia has a dry and continental climate that changes dramatically with elevation. Though it has become highly industrialized (as a result of the development of hydroelectric power during Soviet rule) and increasingly urbanized, agriculture is still important. Armenia is a successor state to a historical region in SW Asia. Historical Armenia's boundaries have varied considerably, but old Armenia extended over what is now NE Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. The area was equivalent to the ancient kingdom of Van, which ruled c.1270-850 BC. It was later conquered by the Medes (see Media) and Macedonia, and still later allied with the Roman empire. Armenia adopted Christianity as its national religion in AD 303. For centuries the scene of strife among Arabs, Seljuqs, Byzantines, and Mongols, it came under the rule of the Ottoman Turks in 1514. Over the next centuries, as parts were ceded to other rulers, nationalism arose among the scattered Armenians; by the late 19th cent. it was causing widespread disruption. Fighting between Turks and Russians escalated when part of Armenia was ceded to Russia in 1878, and it continued through World War I, leading to Armenian deaths on a genocidal scale (see Armenian massacres). With the Turkish defeat, the Russian part was set up as a Soviet republic in 1921. Armenia became a constituent republic of the U.S.S.R. in 1936. With the latter's dissolution in the late 1980s, Armenia declared its independence in 1990. In the years that followed, it fought Azerbaijan for control over Nagorno-Karabakh until a cease-fire in 1994. About one-fifth of the population has left the country since 1993 because of an energy crisis. Political tension escalated, and in 1999 the prime minister and some legislators were killed in a terrorist attack on the legislature.


Armenians
Indo-European people first recognized in the early 7th cent. BC when they moved into an area conquered by Babylonia and Media that was subsequently conquered by Alexander the Great in 331 BC. Armenian culture reached a high point in the 14th cent., producing highly regarded sculpture, architecture, and fine art. Armenian history has been one of off-and-on struggles for independence from foreign domination, first by the Byzantine empire, then by the Seljuq dynasty, the Ottoman empire, Persia, and Russia. The most recent period of foreign domination ...

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