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Xanthus
Ancient city, Lycia, Asia Minor. It was situated near the mouth of the Xanthus River. Its ruins (theater, temples, and tombs), from which a number of pieces were taken for the British Museum, are in SW Turkey. The ancient city was twice besieged and destroyed: in 540 BC by the Persians and in 42 BC by the Romans.


Barthou
French politician. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1889, he served in various conservative governments. He was appointed premier (1913) and secured the passage of a bill requiring three years' compulsive military service. He represented France at the Genoa Conference, entered the Senate, and became chairman of the reparations commission. Named foreign minister in 1934, he was assassinated with King Alexander of Yugoslavia during the latter's visit to France.


hawthorn
Any of various thorny shrubs or small trees of the genus Crataegus, in the rose family, native to the N temperate zone. Many species are native to N. America. The simple leaves are usually toothed or lobed. Hawthorns bear white or pink flowers, usually in clusters, and small applelike, red (rarely blue or black) fruits. Many cultivated varieties are grown as ornamentals for their attractive flowers and fruits. The hawthorn is well suited for hedgerows; its combination of sturdy twigs, hard wood, and many thorns makes it a formidable barrier to cattle and hogs.


Lanzhou
City (pop., 1991 est.: 1,510,000), capital of Gansu province, N central China. Situated on the upper Huang River, it became part of the territory of Qin in the 6th cent. BC and later developed as a major trade center on the Silk Road. It became the seat of Lanzhou prefecture under the Sui dynasty (581-618 AD) and the capital of Gansu province in 1666. It was badly damaged during the Muslim uprisings in 1864-75. A center of Soviet influence in NW China in the early 20th cent., it was the terminus of the 2,000-mi (3,200-km) Chinese-Soviet highway that was used during the Sino-Japanese War for the transport of Soviet supplies. It developed as an industrial and cultural center after World War II. It is the seat of Lanzhou Univ.


menthol
Crystalline organic compound of the isoprenoid family. It has a strong, minty, cooling odor and taste. It is obtained from the oil of the Japanese mint and used in cigarettes, cosmetics, chest rubs, cough drops, and flavorings. Of its two optical isomers (see optical activity, isomerism), only l-menthol has the desirable cooling effect.


Pantheon
Building in Rome begun 27 BC probably as an ordinary rectangular Classical temple and completely rebuilt by Hadrian (AD 118-28). It is remarkable for its size and design; the exact method of construction has never been determined. A circular building of concrete faced with brick, it has a great concrete dome, 142 ft (43 m) in diameter, and a front porch of Corinthian columns with a triangular pediment. The ...

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