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Candolle
Swiss botanist. In Paris (from 1796) he became an assistant to G. Cuvier and worked with J.-B. Lamarck on revising his botanical works. He carried out a government-commissioned botanical and agricultural survey of France (1806-12). In 1813 he published his most important work, Thé orie é lé mentaire de la botanique, in which he contended that plant anatomy, not physiology, must be the basis of classification, for which he coined the term taxonomy. He introduced the concept of homologous parts for plants (following Cuvier's work on animals). From 1817 until his death he taught at the Univ. of Geneva. He outlined systematic laws of botanical nomenclature (1818-21); his taxonomy suffered from certain weaknesses, but he achieved extensive subdivision of flowering plants, describing 161 families of dicotyledons, and his system supplanted that of C. Linnaeus. He completed seven volumes of a descriptive classification of all known seed plants (from 1824).


Dandolo
Doge of the Republic of Venice (1192-1205). After a career as a Venetian diplomat, he was elected doge at age 85. He swore the "ducal promise," spelling out the duties of his office, and instituted reforms, revising the penal code and publishing the first Venetian civil code. He also revised the coinage and sought to promote trade with the East. In 1199 he fought a victorious war against the Pisans. He was prominent in the Fourth Crusade, offering ships and supplies in return for payment (see Treaty of Venice). When the crusaders were unable to pay, they agreed to help recover Zara for Venice and helped place Alexius IV on the Byzantine throne, an action that led to the conquest of Constantinople. As a leader of the expedition, Dandolo took the title "lord of the fourth part and a half of the empire of Romania," which equaled the territory of the Byzantine Empire given to the Venetians.


mandolin
Small stringed instrument related to the lute. It evolved in the 17th cent. in Italy, but its present form owes principally to the 19th-cent. maker Pasquale Vinaccia (1806-1882). It has a pear-shaped body with a deeply vaulted back, a short fretted fingerboard, and four pairs of steel strings. (The Amer. folk mandolin is a shallow, flat-backed version.) It is played with a plectrum; each pair of strings is strummed rapidly back and forth to produce a characteristic tremolo.


Pandora
In Greek mythology, the first woman. After Prometheus stole fire from heaven and bestowed it on mortals, Zeus decided to counteract this blessing and commissioned Hephaestus to fashion a woman out of earth, upon whom the gods bestowed their choicest gifts. After marrying Prometheus' brother, Pandora opened a jar containing all kinds of misery and evil, which escaped and flew out over the earth. In one version, Hope alone remained inside, the lid having been shut before she could escape.


wahoo
Species (Acanthocybium ...

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