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Middlesex
Former county, SE England, situated along the Thames River. Its earliest settlements date from 500 BC; Belgic tribes arrived in the 1st cent. BC, followed by the Romans, who established outposts along the river. It was colonized by Saxons in the early 5th cent. AD. Situated between the E. and W. Saxons, it obtained its name (meaning "middle Saxons") by AD 704. Middlesex was established as an administrative county in 1888. In 1965 Greater London incorporated parts from the former county.


saddle
Seat for a rider on the back of an animal, usually a horse. The leather saddle was developed between the 3rd cent. BC and the 1st cent. AD, probably by peoples of the Asian steppes, where the stirrup and the horse collar also originated. The saddle greatly improved a rider's ability to control a moving horse, especially in combat. Improvements made in medieval Europe were related to feudal battles among knights. Modern saddles are mainly divided into two types: the light, flat English or Hungarian style used for sport and recreation, and the sturdy Western style used originally for cattle roping and now also for recreation.


Wales
Principality, constituting an integral part of the United Kingdom. It occupies a peninsula on the W side of the island of Great Britain. Area: 8,019 sq mi (20,768 sq km). Population (1995 est.): 2,917,000. Capital: Cardiff. The population is of Mediterranean, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Anglo-Norman ancestry. Languages: English, Welsh. Religions: Secularism; Methodism. Wales is almost entirely an upland area generally known as the Cambrian Mtns. The highest peak in England and Wales, Mt. Snowden, is found in Snowdonia National Park. The Severn, Wye and Dee are the longest rivers. The country mines coal, slate, and lead; imports and refines petroleum; and manufactures consumer electronics. Tourism is an important industry. In prehistoric times, tribal divisions of the British Celtic speakers who dominated all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde inhabited the region. The Romans ruled from the 1st cent. AD until the 4th-5th cent. Welsh Celts fought off incursions from the Anglo-Saxons. A number of kingdoms arose there, but none was successful in uniting the area. The Norman conquerors of England brought all of S Wales under their rule in 1093. English King Edward I conquered N Wales and made it a principality in 1284. Since 1301 the heir to the English throne has carried the title Prince of Wales. It was incorporated with England in the reign of Henry VIII. It became a leading international coal-mining center during the 19th cent. The Welsh Nationalist Party was founded in 1925, but its influence did not gather force until the 1960s, when Welsh nationalist aspirations rose; they continued into the late 20th cent.

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