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Aachen
City (pop., 1995 est.: 247,000), W Germany, southwest of Cologne. It was inhabited by Romans in the 1st cent. AD. A center of Carolingian culture, and the second city of Charlemagne's empire, it was the site of his great palace. The cathedral built by Charlemagne c.800 saw the coronation of most German kings of the 10th-16th cent.; his chapel, with his tomb, remains as part of the larger Gothic cathedral today. Aachen was part of France 1801-15. It is famous for its many spas.


Aiken
U.S. writer. Born in Savannah, Ga., he was traumatized as a child when his father killed his mother and then himself. Educated at Harvard Univ. he wrote most of his fiction in the 1920s and '30s. His works are influenced by early psychoanalytic theory. Generally more successful than his novels were his short stories, notably "Strange Moonlight" from Bring! Bring! (1925) and "Silent Snow, Secret Snow" and "Mr. Arcularis" from Among the Lost People (1934). His best poetry, incl. "Preludes to Definition," is in his Collected Poems (1953).


Eucken
German philosopher. He taught primarily at the Univ. of Jena (1874-1920). Eucken maintained that it is a human duty and privilege to overcome nature by incessant active striving after the spiritual life. A strident critic of naturalism, he held that the human soul differentiated humans from the rest of the natural world and that the soul could not be explained by natural processes. He was known as an interpreter of Aristotle, and he wrote works in ethics and religion, incl. Socialism (1920) and Individual and Society (1923). He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1908.


hacienda
In Latin America, a large landed estate. The hacienda originated in the colonial period and survived into the 20th cent. Laborers, ordinarily Indians, were theoretically free wage earners on haciendas, but in practice their employers, who controlled the local governments, were able to bind them to the land, primarily by keeping them in a state of perpetual indebtedness. By the 19th cent., as much as half of Mexico's rural population was entangled in the peonage system. Many haciendas were broken up by the Mexican Revolution. Haciendas are known as estancias in Argentina and fazendas in Brazil.


mackerel
Swift-moving, carnivorous, torpedo-shaped food and sport fishes of temperate and tropical seas worldwide. Mackerels (family Scombridae, order Perciformes) are 1-5.5 ft (30-170 cm) long. The common mackerel (Scomber scombrus) of the N. Atlantic and the chub mackerel (S. colias) of California and the Atlantic are economically important, as are the Indian mackerels (genus Rastrelliger) and the frigate mackerels (genus Auxis). Other species (genus Scomberomorus) are favorite game fish. The name mackerel also refers to certain shark species (see mackerel shark), tuna, and bonito.


Mackinac
Channel connecting Lake Michigan with Lake Huron. ...

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