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Arafat
Palestinian leader. Born in Jerusalem, he graduated from the Univ. of Cairo as a civil engineer and served in the Egyptian army during the 1956 war with Israel. That year, working as an engineer in Kuwait, he cofounded the guerrilla organization Fatah, which became the leading military component of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which he led from 1969. In 1974 the PLO was formally recognized by the U.N., and Arafat became the first leader of a nongovernmental organization to address the U.N. In 1988 he acknowledged Israel's right to exist, and in 1993 he formally recognized Israel during direct talks regarding land controlled by Israel since the Six-Day War. In 1994 he shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Y. Rabin and S. Peres. In 1996 he became president of the new Palestinian Authority.
Baal
God worshiped in many ancient Middle Eastern communities, especially among Canaanites, for whom he was a fertility deity. In the mythology of Canaan, he was locked in combat with Mot, the god of death and sterility; depending on the outcome of their struggles, seven-year cycles of fertility or famine would ensue. Baal was also king of gods, having seized the kingship from the sea god, Yamm. Baal worship was popular in Egypt from the later New Kingdom to its end (1400-1075 BC). The Aramaeans used the Babylonian pronunciation Bel; Bel became the Greek Belos, identified with Zeus. The Old Testament often refers to a specific local Baal or multiple Baalim.
Biafra
Former secessionist state, W. Africa. It constituted the former Eastern Region of Nigeria, inhabited principally by the Igbo (Ibo). In a period of political and economic instability in the 1960s, the resentment of the Hausa in the north toward the more prosperous Igbo exploded in fighting and massacres, which led to the secession of the Eastern Region as the state of Biafra in 1967. A costly civil war and the death by starvation of an estimated 1 million civilians ended in Biafra's collapse and reincorporation into Nigeria in 1970.
Chafee
U.S. legal scholar. Born in Providence, R.I., he graduated from Harvard Law School and joined its faculty in 1916. Concerned about the restrictions on freedom of speech imposed in World War I, he wrote Freedom of Speech (1920), which became a leading text of U.S. libertarian thought. Chafee became recognized as an expert on civil liberties, influencing L. Brandeis and O. W. Holmes, Jr. He was also an authority on equity, negotiable instruments, and antitrust law.
chafer
Any of several species of scarab beetle (most in the subfamily Melolonthinae). Adult leaf chafers (genus Macrodactylus) eat foliage; the female deposits her eggs in the soil, and the larvae live underground for years, feeding on plant roots. The well-known rose chafer, a tan, long-legged beetle, feeds on the flowers and foliage of grapes, roses, and other plants. Poultry that eat rose-chafer ...
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