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Vivaldi
Italian composer. Taught violin by his father, he was ordained a priest in 1703, and became known as the "Red Priest" for his red hair. He spent most of his career teaching violin and leading the orchestra at a Venetian girls' orphanage. After c.1718 he became more involved in opera as both composer and impresario. His concertos were highly influential in setting the genre's three-movement (fast-slow-fast) form, with a returning theme (ritornello) for the larger group set off by contrasting material for the soloists, and he popularized such effects as pizzicato and muting. His L'estro armonico (1711), a collection of concerti grossi, attracted international attention. His La stravaganza (c.1714) was eagerly awaited, as were its successors, incl. The Four Seasons (1725). In all he wrote over 500 concertos. His most popular sacred vocal work is the Gloria (1708). Though often accused of repeating himself, Vivaldi was in fact highly imaginative, and his works exercised a strong influence on J. S. Bach.
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