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Biel
German philosopher, economist, and Scholastic theologian. He became professor at the University of Tü bingen (1484). His Collectorium circa IV libros sententiarum presented the teachings of William of Ockham; the work influenced followers known as Gabrielistae. His economic theories favored fair taxation and price control. See also Scholasticism.


field
In physics, a region in which each point is affected by a force. Objects fall to the ground because they are affected by the force of earth's gravitational field (see gravitation). A paper clip, placed in the magnetic field surrounding a magnet, is pulled toward the magnet, and two like magnetic poles repel each other when one is placed in the other's magnetic field. An electric field surrounds an electric charge; when another charged particle is placed in that region, it experiences an electric force that either attracts or repels it. The strength of a field, or the forces in a particular region, can be represented by field lines; the closer the lines, the stronger the forces in that part of the field. See also electromagnetic field.


Gielgud
British actor and director. He made his London debut in 1921 and joined the Old Vic company in 1929, becoming widely acclaimed for a series of Shakespearean performances, notably Hamlet and Richard II, and also excelling in such plays as The School for Scandal, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Seagull, and Tiny Alice. He directed several repertory seasons in the 1940s and toured the world with the solo recital Ages of Man (1958-59). He appeared in many films in Britain and the U.S. from 1924, incl. Arthur (1981, Academy Award), Gandhi (1982), Prospero's Books (1991), and Shine (1996). For almost 70 years he was regarded as one of the finest actors in the English language.


Kiel
City (pop., 1996 est.: 246,000), capital of Schleswig-Holstein state, N Germany. A port at the E end of the Kiel Canal, it was founded in 1242. It entered the Hanseatic League in 1284; in 1773 it became part of Denmark. After Schleswig-Holstein passed to Prussia in 1866, Kiel became its capital in 1917. An important naval base, it was the target of Allied bombing during World War II. It is the site of St. Nicholas Church (c.1240), a ducal palace (c.1280), and the Christian-Albrechts Univ. of Kiel (founded 1665).


niello
Black metallic alloy of sulfur with silver, copper, or lead, used to fill designs that have been engraved on the surface of a metal object, usually of silver. The black sulfides are powdered, and after the engraved silver has been moistened, the powder is spread on it. When the metal is heated, the niello melts and runs into the engraved channels. After the excess niello is scraped away, the surface is polished. The contrast of the black niello against the bright surface produces an attractive decorative effect. During the height of its popularity in the Renaissance, ...

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