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Venice
City (pop., 1996: 299,000), capital of Veneto region, N Italy. Built on the Lagoon of Venice, it encompasses some 118 islands, the whole 90-mi (145-km) perimeter of the lagoon, and two industrial mainland boroughs. Refugees from N invasions of the mainland founded settlements in the 5th cent. AD that were built uniquely on islands as protection against raids. It was a vassal of the Byzantine empire until the 10th cent. Beginning with control of a trading route to the Levant, it emerged from the Fourth Crusade (1202-4) as ruler of a colonial empire which included Crete, Euboea, Cyclades, the Ionian Islands, and footholds in Morea and Epirus. In 1381 it defeated Genoa after a century-long struggle for commercial supremacy in the Levant and E Mediterranean. In the 15th cent., with the acquisition of neighboring regions, the Venetian Republic became an extensive Italian state. It gradually lost its E possessions to Ottoman Turks, with whom Venice fought intermittently 15th-18th cent.; it gave up its last hold in the Aegean in 1715. The republic dissolved and the territory was ceded to Austria in 1797. Incorporated into Napoleon's kingdom of Italy in 1805, it was restored to Austria in 1815. A revolt against Austria (1848-49) eventually resulted in Venice being ceded to Italy in 1866. It suffered little damage during World War II, but flooding along its many miles of canals caused severe damage in 1966. In the late 20th cent., widespread efforts were made to control inundation of the city and to preserve its architecture, which includes representations of Italian, Arabic, Byzantine, and Renaissance styles. There are some 450 palaces and homes of major historic importance. Notable among its 400 bridges is the Bridge of Sighs, built c.800, and among its churches, St. Mark's Basilica. Tourism and industries related to tourism, incl. the production of glass, lace, and textiles, are the main economic activities.


dunite
Yellowish green to green igneous rock composed almost entirely of olivine. Chromite and magnetite also occur in dunite, as do spinel, ilmenite, pyrrhotite, and platinum in some cases. Dunites may be a source of chromium. Places of occurrence include Dun Mtn., New Zealand (the source of its name), S. Africa, and Sweden.


Henie
Norwegian-U.S. figure skater. Born in Kristiania, she was trained in ballet. She won the world amateur championship for women 10 consecutive years (1927-36) and won three gold medals in the Winter Olympics (1928, 1932, 1936). With her dancer's training, she was largely responsible for converting a predictable series of colorless exercises into a spectacular and popular exhibition. She achieved further renown as a professional ice skater and movie actress. In 1941 she became an Amer. citizen.


Penates
Roman household gods. They were worshiped privately as protectors of the household and also publicly as protectors of the Roman state. They ...

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