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calorie
Unit of energy or heat. Various precise definitions are used for different purposes (physical-chemistry measurements, engineering steam tables, and thermochemistry), but in all cases the calorie is about 4.2 joules, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1° C. The calorie used by dietitians and food scientists and found on food labels is actually the kilocalorie (also called Calorie by scientists and abbreviated kcal or Cal), or 1,000 calories. It measures the amount of heat energy or metabolic energy contained in the chemical bonds (see bonding) of a food.


Valois
Medieval county and duchy, N France. It was under the Merovingian kings (c.500-751) and their successors, the Carolingians, until it became a hereditary countship. In 1214 King Philip II Augustus annexed it to the royal domain. The duchy's last representative, Henry III, was succeeded in 1589 by the house of Bourbon. In 1790 it was abolished in the redivision of France into departments.


Avalon
Island to which Britain's legendary King Arthur was taken after he was mortally wounded in his last battle. First described by Geoffrey of Monmouth, it was said to be ruled by Morgan le Fay and her eight sisters, all of whom were skilled in the healing arts. Legend held that when Arthur was healed he would return to rule Britain. The tale may have originated in Celtic myths of an elysium for fallen heros. Avalon has sometimes been identified with Glastonbury in Somerset.


Calonne
French politician. After serving as intendant of Metz (1768) and Lille (1774), his financial genius led to his appointment as controller general of finance (1783). He soon discovered that major reforms were necessary to save France from bankruptcy. His efforts at reform precipitated the governmental crisis that led to the French Revolution. After the Revolution began, he devoted himself to the cause of counterrevolution from his exile in England.


color
Aspect of any object that may be described in terms of hue, brightness, and saturation. It is associated with the visible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, which stimulate the sensor cells of the eye. Red light has the longest wavelengths, while blue has the shortest, with other colors such as orange, yellow, and green between. Hue refers to dominant wavelengths. Brightness refers to the intensity or degree of shading. Saturation pertains to purity, or the amount of white light mixed with a hue. The colors red, green, and blue, known as primary colors, can be combined in varying proportions to produce all other colors. Primary colors combined in equal proportions produce secondary colors. Two colors that combine to form white light are said to be complementary.


Delors
French statesman. In 1962 he left his position in banking for a series of government positions, incl. minister of economics and finance. He became ...

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