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AARP
Nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that addresses the needs and interests of Americans aged 50 and older. It was founded in 1958 by a retired teacher, Ethel Andrus, and merged in 1982 with the National Retired Teachers Assn., also founded by Andrus (1947). Its bimonthly magazine, Modern Maturity, has the largest circulation of any U.S. periodical. Its membership of more than 30 million and its members' reliably high voting turnout have made it one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the U.S.
Ava
Ruined city, Myanmar. The city, located on the Irrawaddy River southwest of Mandalay, was founded in the 14th cent. by the Shans, who made it their capital. It was destroyed in 1527, but again became the capital in 1634 under the Toungoo dynasty. When Alaungpaya founded the Konbaung dynasty in the 18th cent., Ava served as its capital for a time, and even after the dynasty built Amarapura and Mandalay, its seat was often referred to as the "Court of Ava."
Avon
Former county, SW England. Bordering the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel, it was created in the 1974 government reorganization; its capital was Bristol. During the Roman era, major roads were built and Bath became known for its medicinal waters. From the 7th cent., Avon was incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex. In the 18th cent. Bristol was an important seaport and Bath again became fashionable. The region has a diversified economy, incl. agriculture and manufacturing; tourism is also important.
Baal
God worshiped in many ancient Middle Eastern communities, especially among Canaanites, for whom he was a fertility deity. In the mythology of Canaan, he was locked in combat with Mot, the god of death and sterility; depending on the outcome of their struggles, seven-year cycles of fertility or famine would ensue. Baal was also king of gods, having seized the kingship from the sea god, Yamm. Baal worship was popular in Egypt from the later New Kingdom to its end (1400-1075 BC). The Aramaeans used the Babylonian pronunciation Bel; Bel became the Greek Belos, identified with Zeus. The Old Testament often refers to a specific local Baal or multiple Baalim.
Bab
Iranian religious leader, founder of the Babi religion and one of the central figures of Baha'i. The son of a merchant, he was influenced by the Shaykhi school of Shiite Islam. In 1844 he wrote a commentary on the sura of Joseph in the Quran and declared himself the Bab (Arabic: "gateway") to the hidden imam. Later he would claim to be the imam himself, and finally a divine manifestation. The same year he assembled 18 disciples, who spread the new faith in the various Persian provinces. He had popular support but was opposed by members of the religious class, and he was arrested near Tehran in 1847 and imprisoned. Meeting at Badasht in 1848, his followers, the Azali, formally broke with Islam. Mirza was executed by a firing squad at ...
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