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Ufa
City (pop., 1996 est.: 1,100,000), W Russia. Lying at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, it was founded as a fortress in 1574 to protect the trade route across the Ural Mtns. from Kazan to Tyumen. It became a town in 1586. It developed as an industrial center from the late 19th cent., and especially after World War II. Chief industries include electrical equipment, lumber and veneer, and oil refining.
Ulam
Polish-U.S. mathematician and atomic physicist. He received his doctoral degree in 1933 and was invited by J. von Neumann to Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study in 1936. In 1943 he moved to Los Alamos, where his early work included development (with von Neumann) of the Monte Carlo method of finding approximate solutions to problems. Later, working on a fusion bomb, he and E. Teller developed a two-stage radiation implosion design (the "Teller-Ulam configuration") that could generate an explosion capable of initiating nuclear fusion, a design that led to the creation of the hydrogen bomb.
Utah
State, (pop., 1997 est.: 2,059,000), W U.S. It covers 84,899 sq mi (219,888 sq km); its capital is Salt Lake City. Utah contains the Great Salt Lake and parts of the middle Rocky Mtns. and Uinta Mtns. The W third of the state is a broad desert-like area. About 70% of the land is owned by either the federal or the state government. The region was inhabited as early as 10,000 BC. In c.AD 400 the Pueblo Indians lived throughout Utah; they were followed by other groups, incl. the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute Indians. Spanish missionaries visited there in the late 18th cent. It passed to Mexico in 1821. While U.S. pioneer J. Bridger discovered the Great Salt Lake in 1824, the area's first permanent settlers were Mormons, who were led to the valley of the Great Salt Lake in 1847 by B. Young. The U.S. acquired the region after the Mexican War, and in 1850 organized the Utah Territory; it was reduced to the area of the present state by 1868. A conflict between Mormon authorities and the U.S. government known as the Utah War occurred in 1857-58, and statehood was denied until the Mormons renounced polygamy. When they did, it entered the Union in 1896 as the 45th state. The Mormon Church has officially been politically neutral since the early 20th cent. and the influence of economic blocs has become more important. Utah has large reserves of coal and petroleum, and is the world's largest producer of beryllium. Major industries include agriculture and tourism.
Abduh
Egyptian religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer. As a student in Cairo he came under the influence of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani. He was exiled for political radicalism 1882-88; he began his judicial career when he returned to Egypt. He rose from judge to mufti (legal counselor) in 1899. In his Treatise on the Oneness of God, he argued that Islam was superior to Christianity because it was more receptive to ...
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