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Ayer
British philosopher. He taught at University College London (1946-59) and later at Oxford (1959-78). A proponent of logical positivism, he gained international notice in 1936 with his first book, Language, Truth and Logic, which drew on the ideas of the Vienna Circle and empiricism. His interests are reflected in the titles of his later works: The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), The Problem of Knowledge (1956), The Origins of Pragmatism (1968), Russell and Moore (1971), The Central Questions of Philosophy (1973), and Wittgenstein (1985).
Cayenne
Seaport (pop., 1990: 37,000), capital of French Guiana. The city was founded by the French in 1643 on NW Cayenne Island, which is formed by the estuaries of the Cayenne and Mahury rivers. In the mid-19th cent. it became a center of French penal settlements in Guiana and was known as the "city of the condemned." (See Devil's Island) The prisons were closed in 1945.
gazebo
Lookout in the form of a turret, cupola (small, lanternlike dome), or garden house set on a height to give an extensive view. Few late-18th- and 19th-cent. rustic gazebos survive, but 17th-cent. turrets built up in an angle of the garden wall are not uncommon. The term now often refers specifically to a freestanding roofed structure, typically octagonal, with open or latticework sides.
Hayek
Austrian-British economist. He moved to London in 1931 and held positions at the Univ. of London and the London School of Economics, becoming a British citizen in 1938. Later posts included a professorship at the Univ. of Chicago (1950-62). In his works he opposed the theories of J. M. Keynes and criticized government intervention in the free market, arguing that it is destructive of individual values and ultimately ineffective against such economic ailments as inflation, unemployment, and recession. His books include The Road to Serfdom (1944), The Constitution of Liberty (1960), and The Political Order of a Free People (1979). His views have been highly influential among conservatives, incl. M. Thatcher. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize with G. Myrdal.
Mayer
German-U.S. physicist. She emigrated to the U.S. in 1930, where she taught at various universities. She worked on the separation of uranium isotopes for the Manhattan Project. Her work in theoretical physics led to the explanation of properties of atomic nuclei based on a structure of "shells" occupied by protons and neutrons. For her work she was awarded a 1963 Nobel Prize, which she shared with Hans Jensen (1907-1973) and E. Wigner.
Naseby
Decisive battle in the English Civil Wars between the Parliamentary New Model Army and the royalist army of Charles I. The two armies met near Naseby, south of Leicester, and deployed along parallel ridges. The 10,000-man royalist force under Prince Rupert drove back part of the Parliamentary cavalry but then engaged in wild ...
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