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Thuringia
Historic region and state (pop., 1996 est.: 2,504,000), Germany. It includes the land around the Thuringian Forest in what was formerly SW E. Germany. The capital is Erfurt. The Germanic Thuringians appeared after c.AD 350 and were conquered by the Huns in the mid-5th cent. In 1485 it became part of Saxony and was divided into several states; they joined the German empire in 1871 and were reunited after World War I. Following the partition of Germany in 1945, the state became part of E. Germany; it was reconstituted as a state of the unified Germany in 1990. The economy is largely industrial.


Turing
English mathematician and logician. He studied at Cambridge Univ. and at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study. In his seminal 1936 paper "On Computable Numbers," he proved that there cannot exist any universal algorithmic method of determining truth in mathematics and that mathematics will always contain undecidable (as opposed to unknown) propositions. That paper also introduced the Turing machine. He believed that computers eventually would be capable of thought indistinguishable from that of a human and proposed a simple test (see Turing test) to assess this capability. His papers on the subject are widely acknowledged as the foundation of research in artificial intelligence. He did valuable work in cryptography during World War II; after the war he taught at the Univ. of Manchester. His suicide at 41 followed an arrest for homosexual acts and extreme medical treatments aimed at changing his sexual orientation.


soaring
Sport of flying a glider or sailplane. The craft is towed behind a powered airplane to an altitude of about 2,000 ft (600 m) and then released. The glider pilot makes use of rising currents of warm air, such as those above a sunlit field, to maintain or gain altitude. Instruments used include the altimeter, airspeed indicator, compass, and turn-and-bank indicator. National soaring contests, which include events for altitude, speed, distance, and accuracy in returning to a starting point, are held annually.


tjurunga
In native Australian religion, a ritual object that is a representation or manifestation of a mythical being. They are symbols of communication between humans and the Dreaming. Most tjurunga are used in men's secret and sacred rituals, though some small objects figure in women's rituals and still smaller objects in men's love magic. At initiation, a boy is introduced to the rituals and tjurunga of his local descent group. Later, he receives his own tjurunga, with which he has a personal bond. At a person's death, the tjurunga is sometimes buried with the corpse.


Touraine
Historical region, NW central France. It encompassed the former province of Touraine; its capital was at Tours. In Roman times it was inhabited by the Gallic Turones. In the 5th cent. AD it was incorporated in the Visigothic kingdom, and it passed ...

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