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tafsir
Science of explanation and interpretation of the Quran. It arose after the death of Muhammad to deal with ambiguity, variant readings, defective texts, and apparent contradictions in the scripture. Starting from mere personal speculation, tafsir developed into a system of systematic exegesis of the Quran's text, proceeding verse by verse and sometimes word by word. Early stages relied on the Hadith, later giving rise to a dogmatic type of tafsir. The most comprehensive tafsir was compiled by al-Tabari. Muslim modernists employ tafsir as a vehicle for their reformist ideas.


tax
Government levy on persons, groups, or businesses. Taxes are a general obligation of taxpayers and are not paid in exchange for any specific benefit. They have existed since ancient times--property taxes and sales taxes were known in Rome--but tariffs were favored over internal taxes as a source of revenue. In modern economies, there has been a trend away from tariffs in favor of internal taxes, which provide the majority of revenues. Taxes have three functions: to cover government spending, to promote stable economic growth, and to lessen inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth. They have also been used for nonfiscal reasons, such as to encourage or discourage certain activities (e.g., cigarette consumption). Taxes may be classified as direct or indirect. Direct taxes are those that the taxpayer cannot shift onto someone else; they are mainly taxes on persons and are based on an individual's ability to pay as measured by income or net wealth. Direct taxes include income taxes, taxes on net worth, death duties (i.e., inheritance and estate taxes), and gift taxes. Indirect taxes are those that can be shifted in whole or in part to someone other than the person legally responsible for payment. These include excise taxes, sales taxes, and value-added taxes. Taxes may also be classified according to the effect they have on the distribution of wealth. A proportional tax is one that imposes the same relative burden on all taxpayers, unlike progressive taxes and regressive taxes.


Teflon
Trademark name for polymers of tetrafluoroethylene fluorocarbon (polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE) or fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP). Teflon is a tough, waxy, nonflammable organic compound with a slippery surface, attacked by very few chemicals and stable over a wide temperature range. Its qualities make it useful in gaskets, bearings, container and pipe linings, electrical insulation, parts for valves and pumps used for corrosive fluids, and protective coatings on cooking utensils, saw blades, and other articles.


tofu
Soft, bland, custardlike food product made from soybeans. Believed to date from China's Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), tofu is today an important source of protein in the cuisines of E. and S.E. Asia. It is made from dried soybeans that are soaked in water, crushed, and boiled to ...

Top words beginning with T: tentaculites, televox, tamanu, taihoa, thegnlike, taurocholate, telluronium, tampans, trappean, trachyspermous, telegony, tillodontia, thingly, tenspot, truckloads, tinier, trios, toreador, traversewise, tiderace

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