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Tibet
Former country, now autonomous region (pop., 1996 est: 2,400,000), W China. The capital is Lhasa. Before the 1950s it was a unique entity with its own Buddhist culture and religion that sought isolation from the rest of the world. Situated on a plateau averaging 16,000 ft (4,900 m) above sea level, it is the highest region in the world. Its surrounding mountain ranges include the Kunlun Mtns. and the Himalayas; Mt. Everest rises on its border with Nepal. Tibet emerged as a powerful Buddhist kingdom in the 7th-8th cent AD. It came under the Mongols in the 13th cent. and under the Manchu dynasty in the 18th cent. After the 1911-12 Chinese revolution, it became independent under British influence. The Communist Chinese invaded and occupied the region in 1950 and harshly suppressed an anti-Chinese rebellion in 1959. In 1965 it was made a nominally autonomous region within Communist China. Its Buddhist culture was nearly destroyed during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Some religious and economic reforms have occurred since the late 1970s, but independence movements have increased since the late 1980s. Tibet's spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, set up a government-in-exile in India in 1959 and continued his attempt to rally world opinion for Tibetan independence.


Babel
Russian short-story writer. Born Jewish in Ukraine, Babel grew up in an atmosphere of persecution that is reflected in his stories. M. Gorky encouraged him to travel abroad to expand his horizons. Out of his experience as a soldier in the war with Poland came the stories in Red Cavalry (1926). His Odessa Tales (1931) include realistic and humorous sketches of the Jewish ghetto outside Odessa. Initially well regarded in the Soviet Union, in the late 1930s Babel's writing was found incompatible with official literary doctrine. He was arrested in 1939 and died in a Siberian prison camp. He is often thought of as Russia's greatest writer of short stories after A. Chekhov.

In the Old Testament, a high tower built in Shinar (Babylonia). According to Genesis 11:1-9, the Babylonians wanted to build a tower "with its top in the heavens." Angry at their presumption, God disrupted the enterprise by confusing the languages of the workers so that they could no longer understand each other. The tower was left unfinished and the people dispersed over the face of the earth. The myth may have been inspired by a tower temple located north of the Marduk temple and known as Bab-ilu ("Gate of God").


Babeuf
French political journalist and agitator. During the era of the French Revolution he advocated an equal distribution of land and income. For his part in a conspiracy to overthrow the Directory and institute a return to the Constitution of 1793, he was guillotined. His tactical strategies provided a model for left-wing movements of the 19th cent.


Cabeiri
Important group of deities, probably of Phrygian origin, worshiped in ...

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