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Faber
German manufacturer of writing products and art supplies. He took over the family pencil business in Bavaria and transformed it into a worldwide firm, establishing branches throughout Europe and the U.S. and contracting in 1856 for exclusive control of all graphite being mined in Siberia. His brother John Eberhard Faber (1822-1879) settled in the U. S. in 1849 and built a large Faber manufacturing plant; the Eberhard Faber Pencil Co. was incorporated in 1898.
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Russian goldsmith, jeweler, and designer. Educated in Europe and England, he took over his father's jewelry business in St. Petersburg in 1870. The objects he designed quickly won him the patronage of European and Russian royalty. Specializing in gold, silver, malachite, jade, lapis lazuli, and gemstones, he manufactured not only conventional jewelry but objects of fantasy, much of it inspired by the decorative arts of the Louis XVI style. He opened workshops in Moscow, Kiev, and London and became most famous for his jeweled Easter eggs for Alexander III and Nicholas II. His workshops were shut down after the 1917 revolution, and he died in exile.
Haber
German physical chemist. After early research in electrochemistry and thermodynamics, he developed, with his brother-in-law Carl Bosch (1874-1940), the Haber-Bosch process for making ammonia. Intensely patriotic, he directed Germany's World War I chemical-warfare efforts, under which poison gas was introduced. His versatility and his wide-ranging and important work brought him fame and honor, and he was awarded a 1918 Nobel Prize. In 1933 the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies led him to resign as head (since 1911) of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute.
Habermas
German philosopher associated with the Frankfurt school. He has taught primarily at the Univ. of Frankfurt, and also formerly directed the Max Planck Institute in Starnberg (1971-80). In Theory of Communicative Action (1981), he argues that while instrumental reason (which starts from the assumption of a subject confronting an independent object that the subject seeks to understand in order to control) has dominated modern social thought, only communicative reason (which postulates a community of subjects engaged in communication for the purpose of universal emancipation) holds out the possibility of forging a truly democratic society.
Paterson
City (pop., 1996 est.: 150,000), NE New Jersey. It is located on the Passaic River, north of Newark, N.J. It was founded in 1791 as an industrial settlement by advocates of U.S. industrial independence from Europe. The successful enterprise, begun by A. Hamilton, was known as the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures. In the 19th cent. it was a center of cotton textile production, the silk industry, and locomotive manufacturing. It received a city charter in 1851 and was the scene of many labor disputes. By the 20th cent. its industries were ...
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