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Faber
German manufacturer of writing products and art supplies. He took over the family pencil business in Bavaria and transformed it into a worldwide firm, establishing branches throughout Europe and the U.S. and contracting in 1856 for exclusive control of all graphite being mined in Siberia. His brother John Eberhard Faber (1822-1879) settled in the U. S. in 1849 and built a large Faber manufacturing plant; the Eberhard Faber Pencil Co. was incorporated in 1898.


Haber
German physical chemist. After early research in electrochemistry and thermodynamics, he developed, with his brother-in-law Carl Bosch (1874-1940), the Haber-Bosch process for making ammonia. Intensely patriotic, he directed Germany's World War I chemical-warfare efforts, under which poison gas was introduced. His versatility and his wide-ranging and important work brought him fame and honor, and he was awarded a 1918 Nobel Prize. In 1933 the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies led him to resign as head (since 1911) of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute.


Tabari
Muslim scholar, Quranic commentator, and historian. Born in Amol, Tabaristan (Iran), he studied in Islamic centers of learning in Iraq, Syria, and Egypt. He wrote the Quran Commentary, annotating the Quran with all of the juridical, lexicographical, and historical explanations transmitted in the Hadith. His other major work was the History of Prophets and Kings, which began with the Creation and concluded with the fall of the Umayyad dynasty.


tuber
Short, thickened, mostly underground stem that constitutes the resting stage of certain seed plants. It is often an organ of food storage, reproduction, or both. It bears minute scale leaves, each with a bud that has the potential for developing into a new plant. The common potato is a typical tuber; the much-reduced leaves and associated buds form its "eyes." The term is also used imprecisely but widely for fleshy roots or rhizomes that resemble tubers (e.g., the "tuber" of the dahlia, actually a tuberous root).


Ayer
British philosopher. He taught at University College London (1946-59) and later at Oxford (1959-78). A proponent of logical positivism, he gained international notice in 1936 with his first book, Language, Truth and Logic, which drew on the ideas of the Vienna Circle and empiricism. His interests are reflected in the titles of his later works: The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), The Problem of Knowledge (1956), The Origins of Pragmatism (1968), Russell and Moore (1971), The Central Questions of Philosophy (1973), and Wittgenstein (1985).


Babel
Russian short-story writer. Born Jewish in Ukraine, Babel grew up in an atmosphere of persecution that is reflected in his stories. M. Gorky encouraged him to travel abroad to expand his horizons. Out of his experience as a soldier in the war with Poland came the stories in Red Cavalry (1926). His Odessa Tales ...

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