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Slovenia
Country, NW Balkans. Area: 7,821 sq mi (20,256 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 1,955,000. Capital: Ljubljana. The vast majority of the population is Slovene. Language: Slovene (official). Religion: Roman Catholicism (86%). Currency: Slovene tolar. Slovenia is predominantly mountainous and wooded, with deep, fertile valleys and numerous rivers. One of the more prosperous regions of the Balkans, its economy is largely based on manufacturing. It mines coal, lead, and zinc; forestry, livestock, and crops, incl. potatoes, grains, and fruits are also important. It is a republic with two legislative houses; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. The Slovenes settled the region in the 6th cent. AD. In the 8th cent. it was incorporated into the Frankish empire of Charlemagne, and in the 9th cent. it came under Germany as part of the Holy Roman Empire. Except for 1809-13, when Napoleon ruled the area, most of the lands belonged to Austria until the formation of the kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918. It became a constituent republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, and received a section of the former Italian Adriatic coastline in 1947. In 1990 Slovenia held the first contested multiparty elections in Yugoslavia since before World War II. In 1991 it seceded from Yugoslavia; its independence was internationally recognized in 1992.
Provence
Historical and cultural region, SE coastal France. It was part of Roman Gallia Narbonensis. With the breakdown of the Roman empire in the late 5th cent., it was invaded successively by the Visigoths, Burgundians, and Ostrogoths. It came under the rule of the Franks c.536. During the 13th cent. it was involved in the Albigensian Crusade. It was united with the French crown in 1481. Its language, Provenç al, was important in medieval literature, and its Romanesque architecture was an outstanding cultural achievement of the Middle Ages. It suffered in the 16th-cent. Wars of Religion. In 1790, during the French Revolution, it lost its political institutions and was divided into several departments.
shoen
In Japan (c.8th-15th cent.), private, tax-free, often autonomous estates whose increase in numbers undermined the political and economic power of the central government and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans. Landowners would commend their parcels of land to powerful families or religious institutions with tax-free status, thereby obtaining that status for themselves. All people connected with the land--the powerful patron, the owner, the estate manager--had rights to part of the income from the land. Under the Kamakura shogunate, the warrior government asserted authority over the shoen by inserting its own stewards (jito) into each estate to collect taxes. During Japan's Warring States period, the shoen gave way to consolidated landholdings in the control of daimyo. See also ...
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