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Schubert
Austrian composer. He learned violin from his schoolteacher father and piano from his brother. He joined the precursor of the Vienna Boys Choir (1808), making such quick progress that A. Salieri undertook to guide his training (1810-16). At his family's insistence, he was trained as a schoolteacher. That same year, his first mass was performed, and he composed his first important songs. In 1815 he wrote two symphonies, more than 100 songs, and four stage works. In 1818, seeking independence, he quit teaching at his father's school to tutor Johann Esterhá zy's daughters. In 1819-20 he wrote the great "Trout" Quintet and a mass. In 1821, 20 of his most popular songs were published with great success, and he wrote the opera Alfonso und Estrella. His amazing production continued in 1822, despite his first awareness of the disease (possibly syphilis) that would kill him, with the Unfinished Symphony and the "Wanderer" Fantasy. He was often ill during his last five years, but continued his production of music, incl. the song cycles Die schö ne Mü llerin and Winterreise, the last three piano sonatas, and the "Great C Major" Symphony. His last years were made miserable by illness, not poverty; in fact, his greatness was widely recognized. He died at 31, having produced more masterpieces by that age than almost any other composer in history. His 600 songs made the lied a serious genre and sparked its great development in subsequent decades.
Schutz
Austrian-U.S. sociologist and philosopher who developed a social science based on phenomenology. Originally a banker, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1939. He drew attention to the social presuppositions underlying everyday life and to the creation of social reality through symbols and human action. His work laid the basis for the field of ethnomethodology, the study of people's commonsense understandings of the structure of social interaction. His principal work is The Phenomenology of the Social World (1932). See also interactionism.
Chouteau
Amer. fur trader and cofounder of St. Louis. Born in New Orleans, he moved to Missouri Territory with his mother and Pierre Liguest (1724?-1778), with whom he later cofounded St. Louis in 1764. The two men built a prosperous fur trade, which Chouteau later expanded. By 1794 he had a monopoly on the trade with the Osage and helped finance most of the fur-trading companies in Louisiana Territory. He became the unofficial banker to the St. Louis community and its largest landowner.
Scheler
German philosopher. He is remembered primarily for his contributions to phenomenology. His Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values (1913-16) contains a detailed critique of I. Kant's ethics. In Man's Place in the Universe (1928), he asserts that humanity, God, and world are one cosmic process with two poles, spirit and life-urge. By itself, spirit is powerless, unless its ideas can ...
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