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-->Isabella I

Queen of Castile (1474-1504) and of Aragon (1479-1504). Daughter of John II of Castile and Le\u00f3 n, she married Ferdinand V in 1469. Her reign began with civil war over her succession (1474-79), but in 1479 the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon came together in the persons of their rulers, though they remained separately governed. In a long campaign (1482-92), Isabella and Ferdinand succeeded in conquering Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain. In 1492 Isabella approved support of C. Columbus's journey to the New World. That same year she was involved in the expulsion of the Jews under the Inquisition. Along with her spiritual advisers, she reformed the Spanish churches.


Magellan
Portuguese navigator and explorer. Born to the nobility, from 1505 Magellan served in expeditions to the E. Indies and Africa. Having twice asked King Manuel I for a higher rank and been refused, he went to Spain in 1517 and offered his services to King Charles I (later Emperor Charles V), proposing to sail west to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) to prove that they lay in Spanish rather than Portuguese territory. In 1519 he left Seville with five ships and 270 men. He sailed around S. America, quelling a mutiny on the way, and discovered the Strait of Magellan. With three ships left, he crossed the "Sea of the South," which he later called the Pacific Ocean because of their calm crossing. He was killed by natives in the Philippines, but two of his ships reached the Moluccas, and one, the Victoria, commanded by Juan de Elcano (1476?-1526), continued west to Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of the world in 1522.


Sjaelland
Largest and most populous island (pop., 1989 est.: 1,972,000), of Denmark, between the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. It covers 2,715 sq mi (7,031 sq km); Copenhagen is its major city. Two fjords break the irregular coastline, and fine beaches line the N shore. It has many Stone Age and Viking relics, incl. the Viking fortress of Tr\u00e6 lleborg (c.1000), as well as medieval churches, castles, and manor houses. Grain and livestock farming, fishing, and tourism are major industries.

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