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Sabin
U.S. (Polish-born) physician and microbiologist. He emigrated to the U.S. with his parents in 1921 and received an MD from New York Univ. He grew polio virus in human nerve tissue outside the body, showed that it does not enter the body through the respiratory system, and proved that poliomyelitis is primarily an infection of the digestive tract. He postulated that an oral vaccine would work longer than J. Salk's injections of killed virus, and isolated weakened strains of each of the three types of polio virus that would stimulate antibody production but not produce disease. The Sabin oral polio vaccine, approved for use in the U.S. in 1960, became the main defense against polio throughout the world.


Sabine
British (Irish) astronomer and geodesist. He accompanied the expeditions of John Ross (1818) and William Parry (1819) in search of the Northwest Passage. In 1821 he began experiments to determine the earth's shape more precisely by observing the motion of a pendulum. He thereafter devoted most of his efforts to researches on terrestrial magnetism, overseeing the establishment of magnetic observatories throughout the world. In 1852 he discovered that the periodic variation of sunspots is correlated with certain changes in magnetic disturbances. He was president of London's Royal Society 1861-71. Knighted in 1869, he was promoted to the rank of general in 1870.


sailing
Sport or pastime of racing or cruising a sailboat or yacht. A modern yacht (from a Dutch word meaning "ship for chasing") is a sailboat used for racing. In the 17th cent. Dutch royalty sailed early yachts for pleasure; Charles II brought the sport to England. Organized yacht racing on the Thames began in the mid-18th cent.; in N. America yachting began with the Dutch in New York in the 17th cent. and continued under the British. The first U.S. yacht clubs were founded in the mid-19th cent. Sailboat races are held over two kinds of courses, point-to-point and closed. Yacht racing has been part of the Olympic Games since 1900. The America's Cup is the preeminent prize in yachting.


saving
Process of setting aside a portion of current income for future use, or the resources accumulated in this way over a given period of time. Savings may take the form of bank deposits and cash holdings or securities. How much individuals save is affected by their preferences for future over present consumption and their expectations of future income. If individuals consume more than the value of their income, then their saving is negative and they are said to be dissaving. Individual saving may be measured by estimating disposable income and subtracting current consumption expenditures. A measure of business saving is the increase in net worth shown on a balance sheet. Total national saving is measured as the excess of national income over consumption and taxes. Saving is important to economic progress because of its ...

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