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Celan
Romanian poet who wrote in German. When Romania came under Nazi control during World War II, Celan, a Jew, was sent to a forced-labor camp; his parents were murdered. He moved to Vienna in 1947 and published his first volume of poetry, The Sand from the Urns, in 1948. His second volume, Poppy and Memory (1952), established his reputation in W. Germany. He produced seven more volumes before taking his own life by drowning in the Seine. His dense and complex verse is marked by his experience of World War II; his early poem "Todesfuge" is probably the most famous poetic expression of the Holocaust.


Copland
U.S. composer. Born to immigrant parents in Brooklyn, N.Y., he studied with Rubin Goldmark and later with N. Boulanger at Fontainebleau. Though cosmopolitan in his tastes, he adopted notably Amer. traits in his music, especially after c.1930. With R. Sessions, he sponsored an important series of new-music concerts in New York. He cofounded the Amer. Composers Alliance, serving as president 1937-45. For over 20 years he headed the Berkshire Music Center's faculty. Famously public-spirited and generous, he came to be unofficially regarded as the U.S.'s national composer. He is best known for his ballets, incl. Billy the Kid (1938), Rodeo (1942), and Appalachian Spring (1944, Pulitzer Prize). His influential film scores include Of Mice and Men (1939), Our Town (1940), and The Heiress (1948). His orchestral works include a piano concerto (1926), El Saló n Mé xico (1936), A Lincoln Portrait (1942), a clarinet concerto (1948), and three symphonies (1924, 1933, 1946). His other works include the operas The Second Hurricane (1936) and The Tender Land (1954), the piano trio Vitebsk (1929), and the Piano Variations (1930).


Ireland
Republic, occupying the greater part of an island west of England. The republic's only neighbor is Northern Ireland, which occupies the NE portion of the island. Area: 27,137 sq mi (70,285 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 3,644,000. Capital: Dublin. Although it has been invaded and colonized by Celts, Norsemen, Normans, English, and Scots, racial and ethnic distinctions are nonexistent. Languages: Irish, English (both official). Religions: Roman Catholicism (95%), Church of Ireland Episcopalianism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, Judaism. Currency: Irish pound. Ireland's topography consists largely of broad lowlands, drained by rivers that include the Shannon; its coasts are fringed with mountains. Almost 60% of the population is urban, and agriculture employs one-eighth of the workforce. Mining, manufacturing, construction, public utilities, and tourism are important industries. It is a republic with two legislative houses; its chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Human settlement in Ireland began c.6000 BC, and Celtic migration dates from c.300 BC. St. Patrick is credited with Christianizing the country in the 5th cent. ...

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