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Aden
Seaport city (pop., 1995: 562,000), S Yemen, on the Gulf of Aden. It was a principal terminus of the spice road of W Arabia for about 1,000 years before the 3rd cent. AD. It then became a trading center under Yemeni, Ethiopian, and Arab control. The Turks captured the city in 1538, and the British governed it as part of India 1839-1937. It grew in importance as a coaling station and transshipment point after the opening of the Suez Canal. It was separated from India and made a crown colony in 1937, incorporated in the Federation of South Arabia (1963-67), and served as the capital of S. Yemen until that republic's merger with N. Yemen in 1990.


Adorno
German philosopher. He was educated at Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ. and taught briefly at the Univ. of Frankfurt before emigrating to England in 1934 to escape Nazism. He lived 10 years in the U.S. (1938-48) before returning to Frankfurt, where he taught and headed the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research (see Frankfurt school). He is notable for his books and essays on philosophy, literature, psychology, sociology, and music (which he studied with A. Berg). For Adorno, the great task of modernist music, literature, and art was to keep alive the possible social alternatives to capitalism, which philosophy and political theory could no longer imagine. His works include Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947; with M. Horkheimer), Minima Moralia (1951), and Notes to Literature (4 vols., 1958-74).


Ardea
Ancient town, Italy. Located south of Rome, Ardea was ruled by the Rutuli people and was an important center for the cult of Juno. In 444 BC the town signed a treaty with the Romans, who colonized it as a barrier against the Volsci. It declined in the Roman civil wars of the 1st cent. BC.


Ayer
British philosopher. He taught at University College London (1946-59) and later at Oxford (1959-78). A proponent of logical positivism, he gained international notice in 1936 with his first book, Language, Truth and Logic, which drew on the ideas of the Vienna Circle and empiricism. His interests are reflected in the titles of his later works: The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), The Problem of Knowledge (1956), The Origins of Pragmatism (1968), Russell and Moore (1971), The Central Questions of Philosophy (1973), and Wittgenstein (1985).


Baer
Prussian-Estonian embryologist. Studying chick development with his friend Christian Pander (1794-1865), Baer expanded Pander's concept of germ-layer formation to all vertebrates, thereby laying the foundation for comparative embryology. He emphasized that embryos of one species could resemble embryos (but not adults) of another, and that the younger the embryo the greater the resemblance, a concept in line with his belief that development proceeds from simple to complex, from like to different. He also discovered the mammalian ovum. His On the Development of Animals (2 ...

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