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Kabul
City (pop. 1994 est.: 700,000), capital of Afghanistan. Located on the Kabul River in a valley strategically located between mountain passes, it has existed for 3,500 years. It became the capital of the Mughal empire in the 16th cent., and it remained under Mughal rule until 1738, when Iran gained control. Kabul has been the capital of Afghanistan since 1776. The Soviet Union invaded the country in 1979 and established a military command in Kabul. After the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, factional fighting among Afghan guerrillas continued intermittently and the city suffered widespread destruction. In 1996 the Taliban captured Kabul and imposed Islamic fundamentalist rule.


Macaulay
English politician, historian, and poet. While a fellow at Cambridge Univ., Macaulay published the first of his essays, on J. Milton (1825), and gained immediate fame. After entering Parliament in 1830, he became known as a leading orator. From 1834 he served on the Supreme Council in India, supporting the equality of Europeans and Indians before the law and inaugurating a national educational system. He reentered Parliament on returning to England in 1838. He published Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) and Critical and Historical Essays (1843) before retiring into private life and beginning his brilliant History of England (5 vols., 1849-61); covering the period 1688-1702, it established a Whig interpretation of English history that influenced generations.


Rabat
City (metro. area pop., with Sal\u00e9 , 1994: 1,386,000), capital of Morocco. It is situated on the Atlantic coast at the mouth of the Bou Regreg River, opposite Sal\u00e9 . One of Morocco's four imperial cities, it was founded in the 12th cent. by Almohad ruler Abd al-Mumin as a ribat (camp) quartering troops for his holy war against Spain. After 1609 the unified community of Rabat-Sal\u00e9 became the home of large numbers of Andalusian Moors who had been driven from Spain and, later, of the Sallee Corsairs, the most dreaded of Barbary Coast pirates. Under the French, it was made the administrative capital of a French protectorate after 1912. Now a center of the textile industry, it is noted for its carpets, blankets, and leather handicrafts.


Rapallo
Treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union, signed at Rapallo, Italy. Negotiated by Germany's W. Rathenau and the Soviet Union's G. Chicherin, it reestablished normal relations between the two nations. The nations agreed to cancel all financial claims against each other, and the treaty strengthened their economic and military ties. As the first agreement concluded by Germany as an independent agent since World War I, it angered the Western Allies.


Ribaut
French colonizer. He served in the French navy under G. de Coligny, who in 1562 sent him to found a French Huguenot colony in Florida. He landed at the mouth of the St. Johns River (Florida) then sailed north to ...

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