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Lumet
U.S. television and film director. Born in Philadelphia, he worked a child actor in the Yiddish theater and on Broadway. After serving in World War II, he directed plays and taught acting. He directed over 200 television dramas for CBS (1951-57), incl. Playhouse 90 and Studio One productions, before making his debut as a movie director with the acclaimed Twelve Angry Men (1957). He showed himself a master of psychological drama with such films as The Fugitive Kind (1960), Fail Safe (1964), The Pawnbroker (1965), Serpico (1973), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Network (1976), Prince of the City (1981), The Verdict (1982), and Night Falls on Manhattan (1997).
Sumer
S division of ancient Babylonia, S Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates Valley, in what is now S Iraq. It was first settled c.4500-4000 BC by a non-Semitic people called the Ubaidians. They were the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture and developing trade. The Sumerians, who spoke a Semitic language that came to dominate the region, arrived c.3300 BC and developed the world's first known cities, which evolved into city-states. As rivalry among them increased, each adopted the institution of kingship, and eventually they were loosely united under one city or the other, beginning with Kish c.2800 BC. Thereafter, Kish, Erech, Ur, Nippur, and Lagash vied for ascendancy for hundreds of years. The area came under the Elamites (c.2530-2450 BC) and later the Akkadians, led by their king Sargon (r.2334-2279 BC). The city-states were largely independent after the Akkadian empire collapsed until they were reunified under the Third Dynasty of Ur (21st-20th cent. BC). This final Sumerian kingdom declined after foreign invasions, and the distinct Sumerian nation disappeared, becoming part of the Babylonian empire in the 18th cent. BC. The Sumerian legacy includes a number of technological and cultural innovations, incl. the first known wheeled vehicles and potter's wheels, a system of writing (see cuneiform), and codes of law.
camel
Either of two species of large, hump-backed ruminants (family Camelidae) used as draft and saddle animals in desert regions, especially in Africa and Asia. Adaptations to windblown deserts include double rows of eyelashes, the ability to close the nostrils, and wide-spreading soft feet. Though docile when properly trained, camels can be dangerous. The Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) is about 7 ft (2 m) tall at the top of the two humps; the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), or dromedary, has one hump and is 7 ft (2 m) high at the shoulder. When food is available, camels store fat in their humps to be used later for sustenance and to manufacture water. They are thus able to go several days without drinking water.
cameo
Hard or precious stone, glass, ceramic, or shell carved in relief above the surface. It is the opposite of intaglio. Cameos survive from the early Sumerian ...
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