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Quirino
Second president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. Quirino served in numerous elected and appointed posts in the Philippines prior to independence. In 1934 he accompanied M. Quezon to the U.S. to secure passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which set a date for Philippine independence. He became vice president to M. Roxas after independence, succeeding to the presidency on Roxas's death in 1948. Quirino's presidency saw notable postwar reconstruction and economic gains, but social problems remained unsolved (leading to the Hukbalahap Rebellion) and government corruption was widespread.
Quirinus
Major Roman deity ranking close to Jupiter and Mars. The flamines (see flamen) of these three gods were the three major priests of Rome. Despite his importance, little is known about Quirinus, who was originally a god of the Sabines. He may have been another form of Mars. By the late republic he was identified with Romulus. His festival, the Quirinalia, was celebrated on February 17, and his temple was one of the oldest in Rome.
Huizinga
Dutch historian. He was professor of history at Groningen (1905-15) and then at Leiden until 1942, when he was held as a hostage by the Nazis; he remained under open arrest until his death. His first studies dealt with Indian literature and cultures, but he became internationally recognized for The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919), a lively examination of life in France and Holland in the 14th-15th cent. His other works include Erasmus (1924), In the Shadow of Tomorrow (1935), and Homo Ludens (1938).
quinine
Alkaloid found in the bark of cinchona trees and shrubs. The chemical structure of this heterocyclic compound is large and complex, with several rings. For the 300 years preceding the 1940s, when newer antimalarials were developed, quinine was the only drug known to Western medicine for the prevention and treatment of malaria. The first chemical compound ever used successfully against an infectious disease, it has benefited more people than any other such drug in history. Quinine is also occasionally used to treat pain and fever and is a flavoring agent in some carbonated beverages, incl. tonic water.
Turing
English mathematician and logician. He studied at Cambridge Univ. and at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study. In his seminal 1936 paper "On Computable Numbers," he proved that there cannot exist any universal algorithmic method of determining truth in mathematics and that mathematics will always contain undecidable (as opposed to unknown) propositions. That paper also introduced the Turing machine. He believed that computers eventually would be capable of thought indistinguishable from that of a human and proposed a simple test (see Turing test) to assess this capability. His papers on the subject are widely acknowledged as the foundation of research in artificial intelligence. He did valuable ...
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