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Guianas
Region, N S. America. Located on the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts, it lies between the Orinoco, Negro, and Amazon rivers, and covers an area of about 181,000 sq mi (468,800 sq km). It consists of Guyana (formerly British Guiana), Suriname (formerly Dutch Guiana), and French Guiana; most of it is covered by dense forests containing valuable wood. Settlements are largely confined to the coast and river valleys. The earliest known inhabitants were the Surinam Indians. Its coast was sighted by C. Columbus in 1498, and the area was explored by the Spanish in the early 16th cent. The Dutch founded settlements c.1580, and the French and English, in the early 17th cent.
Quesnay
French physician and economist. He served as consulting physician to Louis XV at Versailles, where he developed an interest in economics. In his Tableau é conomique (1758), he described the relationship between the different economic classes of society and the flow of payments among them, and he developed the concept of economic equilibrium used by many later economic analysts. An advocate of laissez-faire economic policy, he became the intellectual leader of the physiocrats, the first systematic school of political economy.
quinine
Alkaloid found in the bark of cinchona trees and shrubs. The chemical structure of this heterocyclic compound is large and complex, with several rings. For the 300 years preceding the 1940s, when newer antimalarials were developed, quinine was the only drug known to Western medicine for the prevention and treatment of malaria. The first chemical compound ever used successfully against an infectious disease, it has benefited more people than any other such drug in history. Quinine is also occasionally used to treat pain and fever and is a flavoring agent in some carbonated beverages, incl. tonic water.
Quirino
Second president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. Quirino served in numerous elected and appointed posts in the Philippines prior to independence. In 1934 he accompanied M. Quezon to the U.S. to secure passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which set a date for Philippine independence. He became vice president to M. Roxas after independence, succeeding to the presidency on Roxas's death in 1948. Quirino's presidency saw notable postwar reconstruction and economic gains, but social problems remained unsolved (leading to the Hukbalahap Rebellion) and government corruption was widespread.
Quirinus
Major Roman deity ranking close to Jupiter and Mars. The flamines (see flamen) of these three gods were the three major priests of Rome. Despite his importance, little is known about Quirinus, who was originally a god of the Sabines. He may have been another form of Mars. By the late republic he was identified with Romulus. His festival, the Quirinalia, was celebrated on February 17, and his temple was one of the oldest in ...
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