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Atreus
In Greek legend, the son of Pelops. Atreus became king of Mycenae and drove out his brother Thyestes. Plagued by a curse on the house of Pelops, Atreus murdered his own son Pleisthenes and was eventually killed by the nephew he had raised as a son. Two more sons, Agamemnon and Menelaus, fought in the Trojan War.


Ayer
British philosopher. He taught at University College London (1946-59) and later at Oxford (1959-78). A proponent of logical positivism, he gained international notice in 1936 with his first book, Language, Truth and Logic, which drew on the ideas of the Vienna Circle and empiricism. His interests are reflected in the titles of his later works: The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge (1940), The Problem of Knowledge (1956), The Origins of Pragmatism (1968), Russell and Moore (1971), The Central Questions of Philosophy (1973), and Wittgenstein (1985).


Baer
Prussian-Estonian embryologist. Studying chick development with his friend Christian Pander (1794-1865), Baer expanded Pander's concept of germ-layer formation to all vertebrates, thereby laying the foundation for comparative embryology. He emphasized that embryos of one species could resemble embryos (but not adults) of another, and that the younger the embryo the greater the resemblance, a concept in line with his belief that development proceeds from simple to complex, from like to different. He also discovered the mammalian ovum. His On the Development of Animals (2 vols., 1828-37) surveyed all existing knowledge on vertebrate development and established embryology as a distinct subject of research.


beer
Alcoholic beverage made usually from malted barley, flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. Known from ancient times, beer was especially common in northern climates not conducive to grape cultivation for wine. It is produced by employing either a bottom-fermenting yeast, which falls to the bottom of the container when fermentation is completed, or a top-fermenting yeast, which rises to the surface. Lager beers (from lagern, "to store"), of German origin, are bottom-fermented and stored at a low temperature for several months; most are light in color, with high carbonation, medium hop flavor, and alcohol content of 3-5% by volume. Top-fermented beers, popular in Britain and incl. ale, stout, and porter, are characterized by a prominent head of released carbon dioxide and a sharper, more strongly hopped flavor than lagers; alcohol content is 4-6.5% by volume. See also malt.


Caere
Ancient city, Etruria. Located northwest of Rome near the modern city of Ceveteri, it was an important trading center. Brought under the Romans in 253 BC, it prospered under the empire but declined in later centuries. The derived Latin word caeremonium (source of English ceremony) reflects the Etruscan fascination with divination and prophecy. Tomb chambers have yielded gold and silver ...

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