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Pindar
Greek poet. A Boeotian of aristocratic birth, Pindar was educated in neighboring Athens and lived much of his life in Thebes. Almost all his early poems have been lost, but his reputation was probably established by his later hymns in honor of the gods. He developed into the greatest lyric poet of ancient Greece, respected throughout the Greek world. Of his 17 volumes, comprising almost every genre of choral lyric, only four have survived complete, and those lack his musical settings. The extant poems, probably representing his masterpieces, are odes (see Pindaric ode) in the epinicion form, commissioned to celebrate triumphs in various Hellenic athletic games. Lofty and religious in tone, they are noted for their complexity, rich metaphors, and intensely emotive language.


Einhard
Frankish historian and scholar. An adviser to Charlemagne and to Louis I the Pious, Einhard was made abbot of several monasteries and held extensive lands. His biography of Charlemagne (c.830) analyzed Charlemagne's family, achievements, administration, and death and exemplified the classical renaissance at the Carolingian court.


Indra
In the ancient Vedic religion of India, chief of the gods and patron of warriors. Armed with lightning and thunderbolts and strengthened by drinking the elixir soma, he vanquished demonic enemies and killed the dragon that kept the monsoon rains from breaking. In later Hinduism Indra was demoted to a rain god and regent of the heavens. He was father to Arjuna, hero of the Mahabharata. Indra also appears in Buddhist and Jain mythologies.


Invar
Trademark name for an alloy of iron (64% iron, 36% nickel) that expands very little when heated. Invar was formerly used for absolute standards of length measurement and is now used for surveying tapes and in watches and various other temperature-sensitive devices. The name expresses the invariability of its dimensions. It was developed by Charles-\u00c9 douard Guillaume (1861-1938), winner of the 1920 Nobel Prize for Physics.


Mandarin
In imperial China, a public official drawn from the ranks of the lesser officeholders who had achieved success in the Chinese examination system. The word comes from the Portuguese version of the Malay term for a minister of state. It has come to mean a pedantic official, a bureaucrat, or a person of position and influence (and usually a traditionalist or reactionary mindset) in intellectual or literary circles. The Mandarin language is the most widely spoken of the Chinese languages.


Mindanao
Island (pop., 1990: 13,230,000), S Philippines. The second largest island in the Philippines, it has an area of 36,537 sq mi (94,630 sq km); it is 324 mi (521 km) long and 293 mi (471 km) wide. It is mountainous and contains active volcanoes, incl. Mt. Apo, the highest peak in the Philippines. The rare monkey-eating eagle is unique to the island. Islam spread ...

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