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Bible
Sacred scriptures of Judaism and Christianity. The Jewish scriptures consist of the Torah (or Pentateuch), the Neviim ("Prophets"), and the Ketuvim ("Writings"), which together constitute what Christians call the Old Testament. The Pentateuch and Joshua relate how Israel became a nation and came to possess the Promised Land. The Prophets describe the establishment and development of the monarchy and relate the prophets' messages. The Writings include poetry, speculation on good and evil, and history. The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bible includes additional Jewish writings called the Apocrypha. The New Testament consists of early Christian literature. The Gospels tell of the life, person, and teachings of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles relates the earliest history of Christianity. The Epistles (Letters) are correspondence of early church leaders (chiefly St. Paul) and address the needs of early congregations. Revelation is the only canonical representative of a large genre of early Christian apocalyptic literature. See also biblical source, biblical translation.
Bilbao
Port city (pop., 1995 est.: 371,000), N Spain. It is located 7 mi (11 km) inland from the Bay of Biscay. The largest city in the Basque Country, it originated as a settlement of mariners and ironworkers and was chartered in 1300. In the 18th cent. it prospered through trade with Spain's New World colonies. The city was sacked by French troops in the Peninsular War (1808) and besieged during the Carlist Wars (see Carlism). It is a chief port in Spain and a center of the metallurgical industries and shipbuilding, as well as for banking. Landmarks include the 14th-cent. Cathedral of Santiago and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao.
Ebla
Ancient city, NW Syria. Located south of Aleppo, it dominated N Syria, Lebanon, and parts of N Mesopotamia during the height of its power (c.2600-2240 BC) and enjoyed trade with states as far away as Egypt, Iran, and Sumer. The city's archives, dating to the 3rd millennium BC, were discovered virtually intact in 1975 excavations; they offer a rich source of information about the area's ancient way of life.
Finland
Country, N Europe. Area: 130,559 sq mi (338,145 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 5,145,000. Capital: Helsinki. The majority of the people are Finns; there is a small Sami (Lapp) population in Lapland. Languages: Finnish, Swedish (both official); the Sami speak a Finno-Ugric language. Religions: Lutheranism, Finnish (Greek) Orthodoxy. Currency: Finnish markka. Finland is about 725 mi (1,165 km) long and 340 mi (550 km) at its widest; a third of the country is north of the Arctic Circle. Heavily forested, it contains thousands of lakes, numerous rivers, and extensive areas of marshland. Except for a small highland region in the extreme northwest, the country is a lowland less than 600 ft (180 m) above sea level. The south has relatively mild weather; the north ...
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