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Dachau
First Nazi concentration camp in Germany, established in 1933. It became the model and training center for all other SS-organized camps. In World War II the main camp was supplemented by about 150 branches in S Germany and Austria, which were collectively called Dachau. It was the first and most important camp at which laboratories were set up to perform medical experiments on inmates. Such experiments and the harsh living conditions made Dachau one of the most notorious camps, though it was not designed as an extermination camp.
Lachaise
French-born U.S. sculptor. Son of a cabinetmaker, he was trained in the decorative arts and studied sculpture at the \u00c9 cole des Beaux-Arts (1898-1904). He was a designer of Art Nouveau decorative objects for R. Lalique before emigrating to the U.S. in 1906. His most famous work, Standing Woman (1912-27), a female nude with enormous breasts and thighs and sinuous, tapered limbs, typifies the image he worked and reworked throughout his career. He is also known for his portrait busts of J. Marin, M. Moore, E. E. Cummings, and others.
Machaut
French poet and composer. After possibly receiving a university education and taking holy orders, he traveled throughout Europe as secretary to the king of Bohemia. From 1340 he settled in Reims, supported by several royal patrons, incl. the duc de Berry, and King Charles V. Beside 14 narrative poems incorporating short lyrics, he wrote more than 400 separate lyric poems. His musical output numbers dozens each of the genres of formes fixes, as well as the first complete setting of the mass for four voices, and he was the outstanding figure of the Ars Nova. His poetry was a source for G. Chaucer.
Pacher
Austrian painter and sculptor. His colossal altarpiece for the Pilgrimage Church of St. Wolfgang in Upper Austria (1479-81) is a masterpiece of late Gothic painting, sculpture, and architecture. The painted panels, with their deep architectural perspective and dramatic foreshortening, indicate knowledge of Mantegna. The sculptural portions, with their intricate detail, bright polychrome, and sweeping draperies, show his attachment to N traditions; and the architectural elements show an extravagant version of the late Gothic style. Pacher was one of the earliest artists to introduce the principles of Renaissance painting into German-speaking regions.
Parhae
State established in the 8th cent. in N Manchuria and N Korea. Founded by a former Korean general, Tae Cho-yang, it was considered a successor state to Koguryo, which had occupied much of the same territory before its conquest by Silla in 668. Like Silla, Parhae was a tributary state of Tang-dynasty China. It traded with the nomadic tribes of the north and with China and Japan. Parhae was conquered in 926 by the Khitan tribes almost 20 years after their creation of the Liao dynasty on China's N borders.
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